Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term is used to describe the extent to which results can be applied beyond the sample and settings of a study?
What term is used to describe the extent to which results can be applied beyond the sample and settings of a study?
Bias refers to the distortions introduced to the findings by the researcher or measurement process.
Bias refers to the distortions introduced to the findings by the researcher or measurement process.
True
What is the process of recruiting individuals for participation in a research study called?
What is the process of recruiting individuals for participation in a research study called?
Sampling
The extent to which results of the study can be trusted to reflect reality is known as __________.
The extent to which results of the study can be trusted to reflect reality is known as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main feature of independent measures design?
What is the main feature of independent measures design?
Signup and view all the answers
In matched pairs design, researchers randomly allocate participants into groups without considering any characteristics.
In matched pairs design, researchers randomly allocate participants into groups without considering any characteristics.
Signup and view all the answers
What method is used to control order effects in repeated measures design?
What method is used to control order effects in repeated measures design?
Signup and view all the answers
In an independent measures design, participants only take part in one ______.
In an independent measures design, participants only take part in one ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the experimental designs with their main characteristic:
Match the experimental designs with their main characteristic:
Signup and view all the answers
What is a disadvantage of independent measures design?
What is a disadvantage of independent measures design?
Signup and view all the answers
Stratified sampling ensures the proportions of different subgroups are maintained in the sample.
Stratified sampling ensures the proportions of different subgroups are maintained in the sample.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of random allocation in experiments?
What is the purpose of random allocation in experiments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one main advantage of stratified sampling?
What is one main advantage of stratified sampling?
Signup and view all the answers
Convenience sampling is useful when researchers want to ensure generalization of findings.
Convenience sampling is useful when researchers want to ensure generalization of findings.
Signup and view all the answers
What is self-selected sampling?
What is self-selected sampling?
Signup and view all the answers
In stratified sampling, characteristics like age and occupation must be carefully studied and proportional representation is maintained in the ______.
In stratified sampling, characteristics like age and occupation must be carefully studied and proportional representation is maintained in the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of sampling involves recruiting participants that are readily accessible?
Which type of sampling involves recruiting participants that are readily accessible?
Signup and view all the answers
Random sampling is the only method that guarantees every member of the population has an equal opportunity to be chosen.
Random sampling is the only method that guarantees every member of the population has an equal opportunity to be chosen.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common limitation of convenience sampling?
What is a common limitation of convenience sampling?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the sampling method to its primary characteristic:
Match the sampling method to its primary characteristic:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes repeated measures design?
Which of the following best describes repeated measures design?
Signup and view all the answers
Internal validity is concerned with the generalizability of the results of an experiment.
Internal validity is concerned with the generalizability of the results of an experiment.
Signup and view all the answers
What is construct validity?
What is construct validity?
Signup and view all the answers
In a matched pairs design, _____ variability is reduced as participants are compared to themselves.
In a matched pairs design, _____ variability is reduced as participants are compared to themselves.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of validity with its correct description:
Match the type of validity with its correct description:
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary challenge of using matched pairs design?
What is a primary challenge of using matched pairs design?
Signup and view all the answers
Counterbalancing becomes less difficult as the number of conditions increases.
Counterbalancing becomes less difficult as the number of conditions increases.
Signup and view all the answers
Why is participant variability a concern in randomized group allocations?
Why is participant variability a concern in randomized group allocations?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of experiment allows the researcher to manipulate the independent variable in a laboratory setting?
What type of experiment allows the researcher to manipulate the independent variable in a laboratory setting?
Signup and view all the answers
In a natural experiment, the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher.
In a natural experiment, the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher.
Signup and view all the answers
What correlation coefficient range indicates a small effect size?
What correlation coefficient range indicates a small effect size?
Signup and view all the answers
In a correlational study, the relationship between two variables is mathematically quantified using a __________.
In a correlational study, the relationship between two variables is mathematically quantified using a __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of experiment with its characteristic.
Match the type of experiment with its characteristic.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements is true regarding correlational studies?
Which of the following statements is true regarding correlational studies?
Signup and view all the answers
A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the 'effect size' in correlational studies indicate?
What does the 'effect size' in correlational studies indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indicated by a p-value of less than 0.1%?
What is indicated by a p-value of less than 0.1%?
Signup and view all the answers
A statistically significant correlation always means a large effect size.
A statistically significant correlation always means a large effect size.
Signup and view all the answers
What issue is likely if a study does not take potential third variables into account?
What issue is likely if a study does not take potential third variables into account?
Signup and view all the answers
If a correlation is statistically significant, it is considered to be reliably ________ from zero.
If a correlation is statistically significant, it is considered to be reliably ________ from zero.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of bias with its corresponding explanation:
Match the type of bias with its corresponding explanation:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following p-value indicates a very significant result?
Which of the following p-value indicates a very significant result?
Signup and view all the answers
Curvilinear relationships can be adequately captured using a standard correlation coefficient.
Curvilinear relationships can be adequately captured using a standard correlation coefficient.
Signup and view all the answers
What should researchers consider when possible spurious correlations are present?
What should researchers consider when possible spurious correlations are present?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Overarching Concepts: Sampling, Credibility, Generalizability, and Bias
- Four overarching concepts are used to assess research study quality, applicable to all methods. Qualitative and quantitative research approaches may use different terms for the same concept.
- Sampling involves selecting individuals to participate in a study. This group is called a sample.
- Credibility assesses the trustworthiness of study results. A credible study's findings accurately reflect reality. Bias is the opposite of credibility, representing various distortions in a study.
- Generalizability describes the extent to which study results apply beyond the sample and the specific research setting. Qualitative and quantitative approaches differ in their generalizability strategies.
Experimental Studies
- Sampling: Random sampling, stratified sampling, self-selected sampling, and opportunity sampling are used. External, ecological, population, and construct validities are important aspects. Internal validity describes the ability of the study to measure the variable being tested, with the right variables controlled.
- Generalizability: Population validity, construct validity
- Credibility: Improving credibility involves controlling confounding variables, using reliable measurement, and avoiding researcher biases. Internal validity is a threat to credibility, with threats like selection, history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression to the mean, experimental mortality, experimenter bias and demand characteristics.
- Bias: Participant and researcher biases are considered. These could include acquiescence bias, social desirability bias, dominant respondent bias, sensitivity bias, confirmation bias, leading question bias, question order bias, and sampling bias
Correlational Studies
- Sampling: Strategies like random, stratified, convenience, and self-selected sampling are used.
- Generalizability: Population validity, construct validity, ecological validity
- Credibility: Issues of curvilinear relationships between variables, the influence of third variables, and spurious correlations are considered. Researchers must consider the nature of variables measured, and how those variables are measured (operationalization).
Types of Experimental Designs
- Independent Measures Design: Participants are randomly assigned to different groups to control for potential confounding variables
- Matched Pairs Design: Participants are matched on key characteristics to create equivalent groups.
- Repeated Measures Design: The same participants complete multiple conditions, comparing outcomes. Order effects from repetitive tasks can be controlled by using counterbalancing.
Validity and Bias
- Construct Validity is related to how well the study measures the intended concepts.
- Internal Validity refers to the credibility of the study to ensure the change in the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable.
- External Validity describes how well the findings generalize to other people and situations.
- Population Validity determines if the study's sample matches the target population.
- Ecological Validity assesses how applicable the findings are in real-world settings.
- Potential sources of bias in experimental and correlational studies are addressed, such as: selection bias, history effects, maturation effects, testing effects, instrumentation, regression to the mean, mortality, demand characteristics, experimenter bias.
Types of studies
- Natural Experiments: Occur naturally, with researcher not manipulating IV.
- True laboratory experiments: Controlled environment, IV is manipulated by researchers.
- Quasi Experiments: Participants are not randomly allocated to groups, pre-existing differences exist between groups. Difficult to determine if the manipulated IV caused the change.
- Field experiments: Conducted in real-life settings, manipulating IV. High in ecological validity but low in internal validity.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores critical concepts in research methods, focusing on sampling, credibility, generalizability, and bias. You will learn about different sampling techniques and the validity of study results. Understand how these aspects affect the overall quality of research studies in both qualitative and quantitative contexts.
