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Questions and Answers
What type of economy operates where the means of production and distribution are owned collectively?
What type of economy operates where the means of production and distribution are owned collectively?
Industrialization involves significant investment in basic productivity.
Industrialization involves significant investment in basic productivity.
True
What is a small religious group that breaks away from a larger organization to renew its original vision called?
What is a small religious group that breaks away from a larger organization to renew its original vision called?
Sect
A _____ is a movement that represents a new faith or innovation within an existing religion.
A _____ is a movement that represents a new faith or innovation within an existing religion.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What describes an economic system where transfers of money, goods, or services occur without government oversight?
What describes an economic system where transfers of money, goods, or services occur without government oversight?
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A religious organization can be recognized as the official faith of a society.
A religious organization can be recognized as the official faith of a society.
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What is one significant issue with educational opportunities according to sociological perspectives?
What is one significant issue with educational opportunities according to sociological perspectives?
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What economic system relies on private ownership of production and distribution?
What economic system relies on private ownership of production and distribution?
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Traditional authority is based on formally agreed upon and accepted rules.
Traditional authority is based on formally agreed upon and accepted rules.
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What type of authority relies on the emotional appeal of a leader?
What type of authority relies on the emotional appeal of a leader?
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A government led by a single member of a royal family is known as a __________.
A government led by a single member of a royal family is known as a __________.
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Match the type of government with its description:
Match the type of government with its description:
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Which of the following describes rational-legal authority?
Which of the following describes rational-legal authority?
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Institutional white privilege challenges educational quality for all social classes.
Institutional white privilege challenges educational quality for all social classes.
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What political system is characterized by nearly total power held by one person?
What political system is characterized by nearly total power held by one person?
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What promotes mate selection within the same social group?
What promotes mate selection within the same social group?
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Romantic relationships develop only during a specific period in life.
Romantic relationships develop only during a specific period in life.
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Who is widely known as the father of public education?
Who is widely known as the father of public education?
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The tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own is described as _____ selection.
The tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own is described as _____ selection.
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Which of the following can involve dating outside of certain gender or religion groups?
Which of the following can involve dating outside of certain gender or religion groups?
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Conscious mate selection refers to an unconscious tendency to choose similar partners.
Conscious mate selection refers to an unconscious tendency to choose similar partners.
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Which of the following best defines deviant behavior?
Which of the following best defines deviant behavior?
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All deviant behaviors are criminal offenses.
All deviant behaviors are criminal offenses.
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What concept refers to diverse lifestyles without marriage?
What concept refers to diverse lifestyles without marriage?
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What is one example of a form of deviant behavior related to gambling?
What is one example of a form of deviant behavior related to gambling?
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Deviant behaviors can be influenced by _____ from peers.
Deviant behaviors can be influenced by _____ from peers.
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Match the type of deviant behavior with its definition:
Match the type of deviant behavior with its definition:
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What is required for successful multiculturalism?
What is required for successful multiculturalism?
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The multicultural state supports the idea that the state belongs to a single national group.
The multicultural state supports the idea that the state belongs to a single national group.
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Which strategy is commonly used for managing deviant behavior?
Which strategy is commonly used for managing deviant behavior?
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Social control mechanisms only involve formal penalties.
Social control mechanisms only involve formal penalties.
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What is meant by cultural citizenship?
What is meant by cultural citizenship?
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The status that determines a person's general position in society is referred to as ______.
The status that determines a person's general position in society is referred to as ______.
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Define social control in the context of deviant behavior.
Define social control in the context of deviant behavior.
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What can lead to conflicts in social roles?
What can lead to conflicts in social roles?
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Disengaging from a role central to one's identity can help in establishing a new role identity.
Disengaging from a role central to one's identity can help in establishing a new role identity.
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A social network is a collection of ______ linking people to one another.
A social network is a collection of ______ linking people to one another.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Weber's ideal bureaucracy?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Weber's ideal bureaucracy?
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The law of oligarchy suggests that all democratic organizations will remain free from bureaucracy.
The law of oligarchy suggests that all democratic organizations will remain free from bureaucracy.
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What is needed for a spontaneous organization to form?
What is needed for a spontaneous organization to form?
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A _____ organization is characterized by planned social group coordination through formalized roles.
A _____ organization is characterized by planned social group coordination through formalized roles.
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Which of the following best describes 'malorganization'?
Which of the following best describes 'malorganization'?
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Collective identity formation excludes factors like cultural and social norms.
Collective identity formation excludes factors like cultural and social norms.
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What principle states that organizations tend to be ruled by a few individuals despite democratic structures?
What principle states that organizations tend to be ruled by a few individuals despite democratic structures?
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Study Notes
Scientific Method
- Organized steps for conducting research
- Stating the research question
- Identifying independent and dependent variables
- Reviewing previous research
- Determining if findings support the hypothesis
- The research cycle involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypothesis, research design, developing conclusions, and ideas for further research.
Ethnography
- Studying an entire social setting through extended, systematic observation
Sampling
- Sample
- Random sample
Surveys
- Collecting data through surveys
Hawthorne Effect
- The unintended influence of observers on subjects in experiments
Positivism
- Analyzes society objectively, viewing society as social facts; research seeks "truth" using quantitative measures
Interpretivism
- Analyzes society subjectively through understanding people's experiences; qualitative methods
Code of Ethics (ASA 1994)
- Maintaining research integrity
- Respecting subjects' privacy and dignity
- Ensuring confidentiality
Feminist Methodology
- Influencing current social research
- Including subjective voices
- Emphasizing consent and participant involvement
Culture
- Totality of shared language, knowledge, material objects, practices, and beliefs
Culture Lag
- Period of adjustment when non-material culture adapts to new material culture conditions
Norms
- Established standards of behavior maintained by society
Formal Norms
- Generally written, specify strict punishments (law)
Informal Norms
- Generally understood but not precisely recorded
Mores
- Norms considered essential for societal welfare
Folkways
- Norms governing everyday behaviors
Sanctions
- Penalties/rewards for conduct concerning a social norm
Dominant Ideology
- Set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimize existing social, economic, and political interests
Subculture
- Segment of society with distinctive patterns of mores, folkways, and values that differ from the broader society
Argot
- Specialized language distinguishing a subculture
Counterculture
- Subculture opposing elements of the larger culture
Ethnocentrism
- Assuming one's culture is superior to others
Cultural Universals
- Common practices or beliefs shared by all societies
Diffusion
- Spread of cultural aspects between groups or societies
Clash of Civilizations (Samuel Huntington)
- Cultural tensions as the primary source of post-Cold War conflict; world divided into major civilizations
Kymlicka's View
- World is highly multicultural; multiculturalism requires synergy between the multicultural state and intercultural citizens
Multicultural State
- Rejects singular national identity; acknowledges historical injustices to minority groups
Intercultural Citizen
- Supports multiculturalism with a positive attitude towards diversity
Ascribed Status
- Assigned at birth (e.g., gender, family role)
Achieved Status
- Social position earned (e.g., occupation, friend/enemy)
Master Status
- Dominant status determining one's position in society
Role Conflict
- Incompatible expectations from multiple social positions
Role Strain
- Conflicting demands/expectations within a single social position
Role Exit
- Disengaging from a central role to establish a new one
In-group
- Group to which a person belongs
Out-group
- Group to which a person does not belong
Social Network
- Social relationships linking people
Social Institutions
- Organized patterns of beliefs and behaviors addressing basic social needs
Extreme Childhood Isolation
- Isabelle and Genie cases demonstrating the importance of early socialization
Primate Studies (Harlow)
- Isolation's damaging effects on monkeys
The Self
- Distinct identity distinguishing a person from others
Generalized Other (Mead)
- Societal attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations considered in altering behavior
Dramaturgical Approach (Goffman)
- Analyzing social actors as stage actors
Family
- Primary agent of socialization, especially for children; structures reproduce
Secondary Agents of Socialization
- Schools, peer groups, mass media and technology, workplace, religion, and state
Life Course Approach
- Research orientation regarding social factors influencing lives
Anticipatory Socialization
- Rehearsing for future positions, occupations, and relationships
Re-socialization
- Discarding old behavior patterns for new ones
Total Institution
- Regulates all aspects of a person's life under one authority
Degradation Ceremony
- Humiliating rituals in some total institutions
Deviance
- Violating a group's or society's standards of conduct
Social Control
- Techniques/strategies to prevent deviant behavior
Gender and Deviance
- Deviance criteria often gendered; men's deviance often deemed problematic; women stigmatized for deviating
Conformity
- Changing behavior to match peers
Obedience
- Compliance with higher authorities
Crime
- Violation of criminal law with formal penalties
War on Drugs (Alexander)
- Racialized social control; disproportionately affects Black communities despite drug sales
Law
- Governmental social control
Durkheim's Theory on Deviance
- Deviance/crime serve societal functions; how society responds determines deviance
Anomie
- Lack of societal direction in controlling behavior
Merton's Theory of Deviance
- 5 adaptations to cultural expectations (conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, rebel)
Social Disorganization Theory
- Increased crime/deviance due to absent/broken communal relationships and institutions
Cultural Transmission
- Criminal behavior learned through social interaction
Differential Association
- Deviance stemming from exposure to pro-criminal attitudes
Labeling Theory
- Explanation for being labeled a deviant
Michelle Alexander (New Jim Crow)
- Black Americans still experience systematic racial discrimination
Gladue Report
- Pre-sentencing/bail reports considering indigenous backgrounds
Surveillance (Lyon 2007)
- Organized collection of personal data to control/influence individuals
Panopticism (Foucault)
- All-seeing eye that cannot be seen
Biopower (Foucault)
- Control over populations
Governmentality
- Organized systems for governing subjects
Kinship
- State of being related culturally, not solely biologically
Bilateral Descent
- Both sides of family equally important
Patrilineal Descent
- Only father's relatives significant
Matrilineal Descent
- Only mother's relatives significant
Monogamy
- Marriage to one person
Serial Monogamy
- Multiple spouses, one at a time
Polygamy
- Multiple spouses simultaneously
Functionalist Definition of Family
- Family's societal function
Patriarchy
- Male dominance in family decisions
Matriarchy
- Female dominance in family decisions
Egalitarian Family
- Equal authority between spouses
Courtship
- Period of developing romantic relationships
Endogamy
- Mate selection within one's group
Exogamy
- Mate selection outside one's group
Homogamy
- Tendency to select mates with similar characteristics
Variations in Family Life
- Social differences, diverse lifestyles, and child-rearing
Transmitting Culture (Education)
- Schools preserver and maintain dominant culture
Conflict Theory (Education)
- Inequality in educational opportunities
Bestowal of Status (Education)
- Education identifies and trains for skilled positions
Correspondence Principle (Education)
- Schools prepare students for jobs aligning with their class
Power (Weber)
- Ability to exercise will despite resistance
Traditional Authority
- Legitimate power via custom/practice
Rational-Legal Authority
- Legitimate power through rules/procedures
Charismatic Authority
- Power stemming from a leader's appeal
Monarchy
- Rule by a single royal family member
Oligarchy
- Rule by a few individuals
Dictatorship
- Rule by a single person with considerable power
Totalitarianism
- Complete government control and surveillance
Democracy
- Government by the people
Representative Democracy
- Elected individuals represent the people
Industrial Society
- Society based on mechanization
Capitalism
- Private ownership of production/distribution
Socialism
- Collective ownership of production/distribution
Informal Economy
- Unreported economic activity
Deindustrialization
- Systemic withdrawal of investment in basic productivity
Ecclesia
- Religious organization encompassing most/all members
Sect
- Small religious group breaking away from another
Cult/NRM
- Small alternative faith community
Durkheim on Religion
- Religion as an integrative force, providing meaning and purpose
Marx on Religion
- Religion inhibiting social change, acting as an "opiate of the masses"
Weber on Religion
- Religion contributing to social change
Berger on Religion
- Social constructionist view of religion
Geertz on Religion
- Religion as a shared system of symbols
Asad on Religion
- Critiques Geertz, emphasizing social conditions and power shaping religions
Secularization Thesis
- Religion's decline
Critiques of Secularization
- Empirical evidence showing religious growth; secularization promotes certain biases
Wendy Brown on Western Secularism
- Secularism upholds Christian values and promotes Islamophobia
Sherene Razack on Anti-Muslim Racism
- Islamophobia linked to racism
Sociology of Religion
- Critiques of limited focus on Christianity and U.S.-based religion; calls for broader global perspective
Gender, Sexuality, Religion
- Limitations in understanding LGBTQ religious experiences
Golriz's Arguments
- Sociology of religion lacking intersectional frameworks; examining LGBTQ religious activism; analyzing activism in non-state arenas; applying intersectional explanations for collective identity formation
QTNMOS
- Not just reconcilers; social movements defying cultural norms
Spontaneous Organization
- Quickly forming to meet a single goal
Formal Organization
- Deliberately planned groups coordinating activities to achieve specific goals
Bureaucracy (Weber)
- Formal organization using rules/hierarchies for efficiency
Bureaucratization
- Increasing reliance on technical-rational decision-making
Iron Law of Oligarchy
- Democratic organizations eventually becoming ruled by a few
Durkheim on Organizations and Labor
- Modern societies' increasingly specialized division of labor
Betty Friedan
- "The Feminine Mystique" criticizing idealized femininity
Gendered Organizational Structures (Acker)
- Organizational structures are gendered and not neutral or disembodied
Arlie Hoschild
- Gendered leisure gap: sacrifices of women to resolve home labor conflicts
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Description
This quiz covers various research methodologies in social science, including the scientific method, ethnography, and sampling techniques. It also explores concepts like the Hawthorne Effect and different perspectives such as positivism and interpretivism. Additionally, you will learn about ethical considerations in research.
