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Questions and Answers
What is excluded from the concept of fairness in research?
What is a major limitation of the Nuremberg Code?
Which document emphasizes the dual responsibility of physicians as researchers and healthcare providers?
Which document was the first to require ethical review committee approval for research?
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Which organization issued the Helsinki Declaration on ethical principles for medical research?
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What is the primary goal of research ethics?
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What is a key principle of fairness in research?
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What is a major limitation of the Nuremberg Code?
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What does the statement 'xác suất 96%' refer to in the context of the research?
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What is the margin of error for estimating the rate of intellectual disability in children?
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What is the width of the 95% confidence interval for the estimated weight of men in Ho Chi Minh City?
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What was a direct result of the actions of Nazi officers and scientists?
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What was the most impactful ethical issue with the Tuskegee, Alabama, study?
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Which of the following big data sources usually requires ethical approval?
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What is the appropriate action if your adviser says that there are no ethical concerns with your research project?
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What is the main purpose of ethical approval in research?
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What is the main benefit of using CMC-127 in the treatment of tuberculosis?
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What is the purpose of the research on CMC-127?
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Why are patients fully informed about the research process?
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What is the minimum sample size required for the research?
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Why is the sponsor willing to study 400 patients in each group?
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What should be the primary concern of the ethics committee when reviewing the research?
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What should the researcher do if a patient is injured during the research?
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Why is it important to ensure that the research is not biased towards certain groups of people?
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When the researcher reduces the width of the 95% confidence interval by half, what happens to the accuracy?
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What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?
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To reduce the margin of error of an estimate by half, what should the researcher do?
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When the margin of error is 5%, what is the sample size required to estimate a proportion?
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What is the 95% confidence interval for the average weight of men in Ho Chi Minh City?
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What is the power of the study 'Oral misoprostol in preventing postpartum haemorrhage in resource-poor communities: a randomised controlled trial'?
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What is the purpose of increasing the sample size in a study?
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What is the consequence of Type I error in a study?
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What should you do if you have ethical concerns about your study?
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What is NOT one of the principles laid out in the Belmont Report?
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If a participant has a severe allergy to the study drug, what should you do?
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Why are special considerations necessary in research with prisoners?
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What should be included in the debriefing information for a psychological research?
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What should be included in the information sheet in the informed consent process?
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What is important to include in a consent form?
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Why is it important to obtain ethics permission from your University ethics committee or IRB?
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Study Notes
Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals
- To reduce the margin of error of a confidence interval by half, the sample size needs to be quadrupled.
- A 95% confidence interval means that if the experiment were repeated many times, approximately 95% of the time the true population parameter would fall within the interval.
- A 50% reduction in the margin of error corresponds to a fourfold increase in sample size.
Ethics in Research
- The Nuremberg Code (1947) is one of the earliest ethical codes for research on human subjects, established in response to the Nazi atrocities.
- The Belmont Report (1979) is a landmark report that outlines the principles of ethical research, including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
- Informed consent is a crucial aspect of ethical research, ensuring that participants understand the risks and benefits of the study and can make informed decisions about their participation.
- The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) is an infamous example of unethical research, where African American men were intentionally left untreated for syphilis without their knowledge or consent.
- The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) is a set of ethical principles for medical research, emphasizing the importance of protecting human subjects and ensuring that research is conducted with integrity.
Statistical Analysis
- The level of significance (α) determines the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
- A type I error occurs when a researcher rejects a true null hypothesis, while a type II error occurs when a researcher fails to reject a false null hypothesis.
- The power of a test is the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis.
Research Design and Methodology
- A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a study design in which participants are randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group.
- A sample size calculation is necessary to determine the required number of participants for a study.
- A confidence interval is a range of values within which a population parameter is likely to lie.
Ethical Considerations in Research
- Special considerations are necessary when conducting research with vulnerable populations, such as prisoners or children, to ensure that they are not exploited or coerced.
- Debriefing is an essential aspect of research, ensuring that participants understand the purpose and outcome of the study.
- The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is responsible for reviewing and approving research studies to ensure that they meet ethical standards.
Confidentiality and Data Protection
- Data protection and confidentiality are essential aspects of research, ensuring that participants' personal information is protected and kept confidential.
- Researchers must ensure that data is stored securely and that participants' anonymity is maintained.
Informed Consent and Debriefing
- Informed consent is a process by which participants are informed about the study and provide their consent to participate.
- Debriefing is a process by which participants are informed about the study's outcome and any deception that may have occurred.
- Participants have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.
Research Ethics Regulations
- The Nuremberg Code, the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Belmont Report are key regulations that guide ethical research practices.
- The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is responsible for reviewing and approving research studies to ensure that they meet ethical standards.
Drug Development and Safety
- The development of new drugs requires rigorous testing to ensure safety and efficacy.
- Researchers must ensure that participants are fully informed about the risks and benefits of the study and provide their consent to participate.
- The rights and safety of participants must be protected throughout the study.
Vulnerable Populations
- Researchers must take special precautions when conducting research with vulnerable populations, such as prisoners or children, to ensure that they are not exploited or coerced.
- The principles of respect, beneficence, and justice must be upheld when conducting research with vulnerable populations.
Ethical dilemmas
- Researchers may face ethical dilemmas when conducting research, such as balancing the need to protect participants' rights with the need to advance knowledge.
- Ethical considerations must be weighed carefully when making decisions about research design and methodology.
Research Ethics Committees
- Research ethics committees are responsible for reviewing and approving research studies to ensure that they meet ethical standards.
- The committees must ensure that the rights and safety of participants are protected throughout the study.
Ethical principles
- Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are key ethical principles that guide research practices.
- Researchers must ensure that participants are treated with respect and dignity, and that the research is conducted in a way that maximizes benefits and minimizes harm.
Confidentiality and Anonymity
- Confidentiality and anonymity are essential aspects of research, ensuring that participants' personal information is protected and kept confidential.
- Researchers must ensure that data is stored securely and that participants' anonymity is maintained.
Informed Consent Process
- The informed consent process is a crucial aspect of research, ensuring that participants understand the risks and benefits of the study and provide their consent to participate.
- The process must be transparent, fair, and respectful of participants' autonomy.
Ethical Conduct of Research
- Researchers must conduct research in a way that is respectful, fair, and transparent.
- The ethical conduct of research is essential to maintaining public trust and ensuring that research is conducted in a way that is morally and ethically sound.
Ethical Issues in Research
- Ethical issues may arise during research, such as conflicts of interest, bias, and deception.
- Researchers must be aware of these issues and take steps to mitigate them.
Research Ethics and Human Rights
- Research ethics and human rights are closely intertwined, ensuring that research is conducted in a way that respects and protects human dignity.
- Researchers must ensure that the rights and safety of participants are protected throughout the study.
Ethical Considerations in Research Design
- Ethical considerations must be integrated into research design, ensuring that the study is conducted in a way that is respectful, fair, and transparent.
- Researchers must consider the potential risks and benefits of the study and ensure that participants are fully informed.
Ethical Principles in Research
- Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are key ethical principles that guide research practices.
- Researchers must ensure that participants are treated with respect and dignity, and that the research is conducted in a way that maximizes benefits and minimizes harm.
Ethical Issues in Research Methodology
- Ethical issues may arise during research, such as conflicts of interest, bias, and deception.
- Researchers must be aware of these issues and take steps to mitigate them.
Ethical Considerations in Data Analysis
- Ethical considerations must be integrated into data analysis, ensuring that the results are presented in a way that is respectful, fair, and transparent.
- Researchers must ensure that the data is analyzed in a way that respects the rights and safety of participants.
Ethical Conduct of Research
- Researchers must conduct research in a way that is respectful, fair, and transparent.
- The ethical conduct of research is essential to maintaining public trust and ensuring that research is conducted in a way that is morally and ethically sound.
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Description
This quiz tests your understanding of research methods, hypothesis testing, and statistical analysis. It covers topics such as confidence intervals, Type I errors, and the accuracy of research results.
