Research Design and Historical Methods

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Questions and Answers

What is another term for the independent variable in experimental research?

Criterion variable

Treatment variable (correct)

Outcome variable

Dependent variable

Which of the following designs involves two control groups?

Parallel-group design

Two-pair group design (correct)

Pretest-Posttest group

Single-group design

What distinguishes the parallel-group design from other experimental designs?

It only uses a single treatment.

It studies multiple variables at the same time.

It employs more than one group at once. (correct)

It compares only one control group.

Which research design involves an exchange of two or more treatments among subjects?

Quasi-experimental design Signup and view all the answers

Which experimental design uses randomization procedures to select groups?

Pretest-Posttest group Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a correlation design?

To determine the relationship between two dependent variables Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a case study design in research?

Intensive investigation of a single unit Signup and view all the answers

In a randomized complete block design, how are subjects treated?

Subjects are divided into blocks with similar characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of descriptive evaluative design?

To appraise the worthiness of a current study. Signup and view all the answers

Which research design directly tests hypotheses about cause and effect relationships?

Experimental research Signup and view all the answers

What kind of data does descriptive comparative research require for comparison?

Criterion data from at least two entities Signup and view all the answers

In correlational research, what does a perfect positive correlation indicate?

Variables change in the same direction simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of longitudinal surveys?

They collect data at multiple points over an extended period. Signup and view all the answers

Causal comparative research attempts to discover what?

The differences between pre-existing groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of correlation indicates that high values of one variable correlate with low values of another?

Perfect negative correlation Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes experimental design from other research types?

It directly influences a variable to test hypotheses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting surveys in research?

To describe characteristics of a population Signup and view all the answers

Which type of survey collects data from a sample at a single point in time?

Cross-sectional survey Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a cohort study from a trend study?

A cohort study examines changes in individual behavior over time, while a trend study surveys different samples from the same population. Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of collecting data called when the entire population is surveyed?

Census Signup and view all the answers

A panel study is characterized by which of the following features?

The same respondents are surveyed at multiple times. Signup and view all the answers

Which survey design is most appropriate for comparing local results with a broader norm?

Descriptive-normative survey Signup and view all the answers

What does descriptive analysis aim to achieve?

It separates an object into parts to describe its nature. Signup and view all the answers

In what context is descriptive classification primarily employed?

In natural sciences subjects like Botany and Zoology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of historical research design?

To critically inquire into past events. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of descriptive research design?

It emphasizes the present condition. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a component of the historical research process?

The establishment of causal relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is commonly used in descriptive research design?

Interviews and questionnaires. Signup and view all the answers

What does the criticism of data in historical research include?

External and internal criticism. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is least likely to be part of a descriptive design?

Statistical regression analysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of research design?

It includes strategies for data collection and analysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary source of data in historical research?

Interpretations or critiques of historical events. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Design

Research design is a systematic plan of research.
It formulates a strategy to answer research questions.
It details methods for collecting, recording, processing, and analyzing data.
It's a plan for collecting data to obtain desired information and test hypotheses properly.

Learning Competencies

Learners should apply the principles of research design.
Learners should create valid experimental designs.

Historical Designs

Historical designs involve a systematic and critical inquiry into past events.
The critical method is used to understand and interpret facts applicable to current issues.
Data can be sourced from primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources: documents, relics, oral testimonies.
Secondary sources: secondhand information.

Steps of Historical Research (Good and Scates, 1972)

Collection of data, including consideration of documents and primary, secondary sources and their organisation.
Data criticism, including external and internal criticism.
Presentation of facts, organising, composing, explaining, and interpreting them.

Descriptive Design

Focuses on present conditions.
Aims to find new truths, increasing knowledge and insight.
Uncovers causal relationships and clarifies problems.
Essential for object and person understanding.
Uses instruments like test papers, questionnaires, interviews, schedules, observation schedules, checklists, score cards, and rating scales.

Descriptive Survey

Appropriate when objects in a class vary.
Aims to understand how conditions differ among objects.

Survey Research

Involves asking a large group questions about a topic.
Methods: face-to-face, mail, telephone.
Purpose: describe population characteristics.
Focuses on variables like age, gender, status, attitudes.
Full population studies are rare.

Cross-Sectional Survey

Collects data from a sample of a defined population at one point in time.
May take days, weeks, or longer to collect data.
A census is a survey of the whole population.

Trend Study

Surveys different samples from the same population at different points in time.

Cohort Study

Follows a specific population over a period of time.

Panel Study

Surveys the same respondents at different points during a study.

Descriptive-Normative Survey

Determines the typical or normal condition or practice.
Can compare local results to national trends.

Descriptive Status

A good design for problem-solving.
Aims to determine conditions in cases chosen for study.
Employs quantitative description.

Descriptive Analysis

Describes an object's nature by separating it into parts.

Descriptive Classification

Used in natural sciences like botany, zoology etc.
Classifying specimens from phylum to species.

Descriptive Evaluative

Evaluates the worth of a current study.
Often used to appraise the implementation of an approach.

Descriptive Comparative

Explores differences between at least two entities.
Formally gathers data to compare and rank.

Casual Comparative Research

Investigates the cause or consequence of existing differences between groups.

Correlational Survey

Measures the relationship between two variables.
Can be positive, negative, or no correlation.

Correlational Research

Investigates relationships among variables without influencing them.

Longitudinal Survey

Investigates the same subjects over an extended period.
Collects information at multiple points in time.

Experimental Design

A problem-solving study, often useful in natural sciences.

Experimental Research

Aims to directly influence a variable to test cause-and-effect relationships.
Independent variable: manipulated variable.
Dependent variable: outcome or criterion variable.

Types of Experimental Design

Single-group designs.
Two-group designs.
Two-pair group designs.
Parallel-group designs.
Pre-test-Post-test designs.

Quasi-experimental Design

Involves an exchange of treatments.

Complete Randomized Design

Treatment applied to determine the cause of change.

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

Repeated treatments to determine cause of change on test subjects

Correlation Design

Determines the relationship of two dependent variables, noting how an independent variable affects them.

Case Study Design

A problem-solving technique for describing past, present, and future events.
A deep investigation of an individual, institution, community, or group.
Addresses developmental, adjustment, remedial, and corrective procedures.

Cycle of a Case Study (Good and Scates, 1972)

Identifying the phenomenon.
Gathering data related to the phenomenon.
Diagnosing causal factors.
Applying remedial or adjustment measures.
Following up to assess effectiveness.

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Description

This quiz explores the principles of research design along with the steps involved in conducting historical research. It focuses on systematic strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, utilizing both primary and secondary sources. Enhance your understanding of designing valid experimental inquiries and historical analysis.