Research Lecture Notes - Q3 Week 1-3 PDF

Research Research QUARTER 3 WEEK 1-3  LEARNING COMPETENCIES: The learner should be able to: 1.Apply the principles of research design 2.Make a valid experimental design Research Design is a systematic plan of research. It usually includes formulating a strategy to answer a resear...

Research Research QUARTER 3 WEEK 1-3  LEARNING COMPETENCIES: The learner should be able to: 1.Apply the principles of research design 2.Make a valid experimental design Research Design is a systematic plan of research. It usually includes formulating a strategy to answer a research question(s). It also provides details about methods for collecting, recording, processing, and analyzing the recovered data from the research environment. It is a plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired and enough information are obtained, and the hypotheses are tested properly.  According to Calmorin and Calmorin (2007), there are four kinds of research designs Historical designs is a systematic and critical inquiry about the past events using the critical method in understanding and interpreting of facts which are applicable to current issues. Data can be taken from primary and secondary source. Documents, relics and oral testimony are example of primary sources. Secondary sources are secondhand information.  According to Good and Scates (1972) there are three major steps or processes of historical research. These states are as follows: a. Collection of data, with consideration of documents and remains or relics of primary and secondary sources of bibliographical procedure, and organization of materials; b. Criticism of the data collected, including the processes of external criticism and internal criticism; and c. Presentation of the facts in readable form involving problems of organization, composition, exposition and interpretation. Descriptive Design focuses on the present condition. The purpose is to find new truth that may have different forms such as increased quantity of knowledge, an increased insight into factors which are operating, the discovery of a new causal relationship, and more accurate formulation of the problem. It provides essential knowledge about the nature of objects and persons. It plays a large part in the development of instruments for the measurement of many things. Test papers, questionnaires, interviews, schedules, observation schedules, checklist, score cards, and rating scales are some of the tools used in descriptive studies. Descriptive survey is appropriate wherever the object of any class vary among themselves and one is interested in knowing the extent to which different conditions obtain among these objects” (Good and Scates, 1972). Survey Research involves research asking a large group of people questions about a topic or issue. This asking of questions, all related to the issue of interest, is called a survey, and it can be done in several ways-face-to-face with individuals or groups, by mail, or by telephone. The major purpose of the surveys is to describe the characteristics of a population. In essence that research want to find out is how the members of the population distribute themselves on one or more variables (for example age, gender, civil status, religious and attitudes toward school). As in other types of research, of source, the population as a whole is rarely studied. Cross-sectional survey generates data from a sample that has been drawn from a predetermined population. Furthermore, the data is collected at just one point in time, although the time it takes to collect all of the data desired may take anywhere from a day to a few weeks or more. When an entire population is surveyed, it is called census.  Trend study utilizes different samples from the same population are surveyed at different points in time. Cohort study has a specific population is followed over a period of time. Whereas a trend study samples a population whose members change over time. Panel Study selects sample right at the beginning of her study. The researcher surveys the same respondents at different times during the course of the survey. Since the researcher is studying the same individuals, she can note changes in their characteristics or behavior and explore the reasons for these changes. Descriptive-normative survey is used to ascertain the normal or typical condition or practice, or to compare local test results with a state or national norm.” (Good and Scates, 1972).  Descriptive status is a good design for problem-solving which seeks to answer questions to real facts relating to existing conditions. This is a technique of quantitative description which determines the prevailing conditions in a group of cases chosen for study. Descriptive analysis determines or describes the nature of an object by separating it into parts. Its purpose is to discover the nature of things. Descriptive classification is employed in natural sciences subjects such as Botany, Zoology, Biology, Ichthyology, Conchology, and the like. The specimens collected are classified from phylum to species.  Descriptive evaluative is a design which is to appraise carefully the worthiness of the current study.For instance, the researcher wishes to conduct a study on the evaluation of an implementation of the work-oriented curriculum at the fishery schools in the province of Sulu. Descriptive comparative considers at least two entities (not manipulated) and establishes a formal procedure for obtaining criterion data on the basis of which he can compare and conclude which of the two is better” (De Jesus et.al., 1984). Casual comparative Research attempts to determine the cause or consequence of differences that already exist between or among groups of individuals. As a result, it is sometimes viewed, along with correlational research, as a form of associational research, since both describe conditions that already exist.  Correlational survey determines the relationship of two variables (X and Y) whether the relationship is perfect, very high, high, marked or moderate, sight, or negligible. Perfect positive correlation with a value of X and Y have the same positions. If he/she tops in test X, he/she is also likely low in Test Y. On the other hand, perfect negative correlation having a value of -1.0 also rarely happens. The score of the individual in test X is an exact opposite position in Test Y and one who is lowest in Test X is highest in Test Y. Correlational Research attempts to investigate possible relationships among variable without trying to influence those variables. It is also sometimes referred to as a form of descriptive research because it describes an existing relationship between variables. Longitudinal survey involves much time allotted for investigation of the same subjects at two or more points in time. It collects information at different points in time in order to study changes over time. Experimental Design is a problem -solving study that describes the future. This design is most useful in the natural sciences. Experimental Research is one of the most powerful research methodologies that research can use. It is unique in two very important respects: it is the only type of research that directly attempts to influence a particular variable, and it is the only type of research that can really test hypotheses about cause and effect relationships. In experimental study, or more dependent variables. The independent variable in experimental research is also referred to as experimental or treatment variable. Th dependent variable, also known as the criterion or outcome variable, refers to the results or outcomes of the study.  Types of Experimental Design a.Single-group design involves a single treatment with two or more levels. b.Two-group design involves two comparable groups which are employed as experimental and control groups. c.Two-pair group design is an elaboration of the two-group design wherein there are two experimental groups and two control groups. d.Parallel-group design a design in which two or more groups are used at the same time with only one single variable, manipulated or changed. e.Pretest-Posttest group involves the experimental group and the control group which are carefully selected through randomization procedures. e. Quasi-experimental design involves an exchange of two or more treatments taken by the subjects during the experiment. f. Complete randomized design a design in which a group of test plants or animals’ studies only once subsequent treatment is applied to determine the cause of change. g. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) uses a group of test plants and animals as subjects of the study which are studies once, but subsequent treatments applied are replicated to determine the cause of change. h. Correlation design is used to determine the relationship of two dependent variables (X and Y) on how they are manipulated by the independent variable. Case Study Design utilizes problem solving technique. It describes the past, preset, and future. Others categorize this method under descriptive. But it is more distinct if this technique is placed in another design which is independent from the other. It is an intensive investigation of a particular individual, institution, community, or any group considered as a unit which includes the developmental, adjustment, remedial, or corrective procedures that suitable follow diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment or of favorable development.