Research Design Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Which statement is a legitimate reason to trust the advice of authorities?

  • Authorities randomly provide information.
  • Authorities systematically and objectively compare different conditions. (correct)
  • Authorities are often misinformed.
  • Authorities have strong opinions.

What is an alternative explanation for a study's results?

Confound

What do you call a person playing a specific role for the sake of a study?

Confederate

What is a group used to contrast one possible outcome with another?

<p>Comparison group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does probabilistic mean in the context of behavioral research?

<p>The idea that the outcomes of behavioral research do not explain all (but most) cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each tool for finding scientific sources to its correct advantage and disadvantage:

<p>PsychInfo = Searches sources only in psychology Google Scholar = Makes searching for sources intuitive and familiar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of article undergoes a rigorous peer review process?

<p>Empirical journal article</p> Signup and view all the answers

What includes results of a new research study?

<p>Empirical journal article</p> Signup and view all the answers

What includes summaries of research?

<p>Edited book</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consists of a collection of chapters by different contributors on a common topic?

<p>Edited book</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors are examples of faulty thinking?

<p>Reaching a conclusion just because it makes sense (B), Focusing on thoughts that come to mind quickly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of faulty thinking is Swati displaying when she concludes which city is farther north based on a movie setting?

<p>Availability heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you conclude about the relationship between study time and exam scores when you experience an exception?

<p>Your experience could be an exception, while the research findings about the correlation explain a high proportion of the many possible cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of faulty thinking is Eliza displaying when she skips studies contradicting her belief about violent media and aggression?

<p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which source is a reliable form of information if you were choosing an allergy medication?

<p>A study conducted by the Food and Drug Administration on the effectiveness of various medicines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Riaan is designing a study in which he combines the findings of ____ and calculates the magnitude of all the combined results, otherwise known as ____, research like this can combine the statistical findings of individual studies to identify a ____.

<p>empirical articles; a meta analysis; effect size</p> Signup and view all the answers

Authorities who have researched a certain area should not be questioned.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of, but not all, possible cases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the following behaviors as examples of either scientific thinking or intuitive thinking.

<p>Seeking potentially disconfirming evidence = Scientific thinking Collecting data using a comparison group = Scientific thinking Seeking information that confirms our ideas = Intuitive thinking Basing our beliefs on information that seems to be reasonable = Intuitive thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to accept ideas that feel natural is called what?

<p>being swayed by a good story</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to seek out information that supports your beliefs is known as what?

<p>confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to ignore the fact that you are vulnerable to biases?

<p>bias blind spot</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to think the first thing that pops into your head is correct?

<p>availability heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to ignore what is absent?

<p>present/present bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research involves systematically comparing conditions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Your college or university library may have subscriptions to scientific journals. Once you graduate or leave your institution, you may find that you no longer have access to some articles that are ____. Some solutions for this are to look for articles that are ____.

<p>paywalled; open access</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reading only certain parts of an article can be helpful.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meta analyses do not allow cherry picking of certain studies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Good stories are rarely accurate.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the sources as either reliable or unreliable.

<p>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin = Reliable Scientific evidence from Psychology Today = Unreliable Open access scientific articles = Reliable Information from Uncle Bob = Unreliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

After realizing that his parents used an authoritarian parenting style, Jericho researches the advantages of the authoritarian style while ignoring studies that support the use of another style. This is an example of ____.

<p>confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hilda cannot conclude that the earthquake caused depression and stress-related symptoms because she doesn't have a comparison group.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements are ways to identify high quality scientific journals? (Select all that apply)

<p>Utilize online reports of exploitative journals (A), Find out whether the impact factor of the journal is at least 1.0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meta-analysis

A method combining results from multiple studies to calculate the overall effect size, quantifying the impact of variables.

Authorities and Biases

Authorities can be biased, presenting only one side of the argument. Questioning their findings is crucial.

Probabilistic Conclusions

Research conclusions explain a part of the population; they are probabilities, not absolute truths.

Scientific Thinking

Includes seeking disconfirming evidence and relying on comparison groups for data collection.

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Intuitive Thinking

Involves confirming existing beliefs and relying on reasonable-sounding information.

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Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek information that supports existing beliefs, ignoring opposing data.

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Bias Blind Spot

Ignoring one's own susceptibility to biases.

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Availability Heuristic

Overestimating the prevalence of events based on recent memories or experiences.

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Present/Present Bias

Failing to consider absent scenarios, focusing only on noticeable occurrences.

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Advantages of Research Over Experience

Research systematically compares conditions, clarifying effectiveness and controlling for confounding variables. Personal experiences are less systematic and may lead to alternative explanations.

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Access to Scientific Resources

Graduate access to scientific journals may be limited after graduation. Explore open-access articles or researchers' websites.

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Understanding Articles

Read abstracts for summaries, results for data presentation, introductions for theoretical background, discussions for significance, and methods for procedural details.

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Meta-Analyses

Summarize relationships between variables, passing peer review; they should not cherry-pick studies.

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Review Articles

Offer summaries of existing literature; they are distinct from empirical articles that present new studies.

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Reliable Sources

Include peer-reviewed journals and scientific books; unreliable sources can include popular media lacking rigorous scientific backing.

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Example of Confounding Factors

In studies comparing educational strategies, variables like teacher experience and class size may influence outcomes independently of the teaching method itself.

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Importance of Comparison Groups

Essential for isolating effects in research and drawing accurate conclusions. Lacking such groups can lead to incorrect inferences.

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Faulty Thinking

Examples include: Being swayed by a good story, noticing confirmations of beliefs (confirmation bias), ignoring statistical evidence (availability heuristic).

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Research Results

Studying relationships (e.g., between study time and exam grades) shows the predictive power of systematic observations.

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Psychinfo

Focuses on psychology, while Google Scholar covers broader disciplinary fields but may lack specificity.

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Published Article Standards

Empirical articles undergo rigorous peer review and contribute to the body of scientific knowledge through new research findings.

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Identifying and Analyzing Biases

Recognize faulty thinking patterns such as overreliance on immediate thoughts or ignoring broader evidence to avoid biased conclusions in personal judgment or research interpretation.

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Relationship Between Study Time and Exam Scores

Achieving an A without study suggests a possible anomaly, and individual experiences may not accurately reflect broader trends regarding study time and performance.

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Confirmation Bias in Research

Eliza's belief that violent media causes aggression is reinforced by selective reading, showcasing confirmation bias.

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Reliable Information Sources for Allergy Medication

The most dependable source for choosing allergy medication is a study by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which evaluates the effectiveness and safety of various allergy treatments.

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Study Notes

Research Design Concepts

  • Meta Analysis: A method that combines results from multiple empirical articles to calculate the effect size, which quantifies the overall impact of variables in research.

  • Authorities and Biases: Authorities can be biased, presenting only one side of an argument; questioning their findings is essential. True beliefs: Experts can be wrong, while false beliefs include the idea that all authorities should be unquestioned or that they are immune to biases.

  • Probabilistic Conclusions: Research conclusions aim to explain a part of the overall population and are not absolutes.

Scientific vs. Intuitive Thinking

  • Scientific Thinking: Involves seeking disconfirming evidence and using comparison groups for data collection.
  • Intuitive Thinking: Involves confirming existing beliefs and relying on reasonable-sounding information.

Cognitive Biases

  • Confirmation Bias: The tendency to seek information that supports existing beliefs, disregarding opposing data.
  • Bias Blind Spot: Ignoring one’s own susceptibility to biases.
  • Availability Heuristic: Overestimating the prevalence of events based on recent memories or experiences.
  • Present/Present Bias: Failing to consider absent scenarios, focusing only on noticeable occurrences.

Research Validity

  • Advantages of Research Over Experience: Research systematically compares conditions, providing clarity on effectiveness and controlling for confounding variables. Personal experiences may lead to alternative explanations and are less systematic.

  • Access to Scientific Resources: Graduate access to scientific journals may be limited post-graduation, with options including searching for open-access articles or checking researchers' websites.

Reading Empirical Articles

  • Understanding Articles: Read abstracts for summaries, results for data presentation, introductions for theoretical background, discussions for the study's significance, and methods for procedural details.

Meta-Analyses and Reviews

  • Meta Analyses: Summarize relationships between variables and must pass peer review; they should not cherry-pick studies.
  • Review Articles: Offer summaries of existing literature and are distinct from empirical articles that present new studies.

Distinguishing Reliable Sources

  • Reliable Sources: Include peer-reviewed journals and scientific books. Unreliable sources can include popular media lacking rigorous scientific backing.

Confounds in Research

  • Example of Confounding Factors: In studies comparing educational strategies, variables like teacher experience and class size may influence outcomes independently of the teaching method itself.

Scientific Framework

  • Importance of Comparison Groups: Vital for isolating effects in research and drawing accurate conclusions. Lacking such groups can lead to incorrect inferences.

Faulty Thinking

  • Examples include:
    • Being swayed by a good story.
    • Noticing confirmations of beliefs (confirmation bias).
    • Ignoring statistical evidence (availability heuristic).

Research on Decision Making and Behavior

  • Research Results: Studying relationships (e.g., between study time and exam grades) shows predictive power of systematic observations.

Tools for Finding Reliable Sources

  • Psychinfo: Focuses on psychology, while Google Scholar covers broader disciplinary fields but may lack specificity.
  • Published Article Standards: Empirical articles undergo rigorous peer review and contribute to the body of scientific knowledge through new research findings.

Identifying and Analyzing Biases

  • Recognize faulty thinking patterns such as overreliance on immediate thoughts or ignoring broader evidence to avoid biased conclusions in personal judgment or research interpretation.### Relationship Between Study Time and Exam Scores
  • Achieving an A on an exam without study suggests a possible anomaly.
  • Individual experiences may not accurately reflect broader trends regarding study time and performance.
  • Research typically indicates a strong correlation between study time and grades across many cases.

Confirmation Bias in Research

  • Eliza's belief that violent media causes aggression is reinforced by selective reading.
  • She acknowledges one study supporting her view while ignoring multiple contrary studies, showcasing confirmation bias.
  • Confirmation bias leads to favoring information that confirms existing beliefs rather than considering all evidence.

Reliable Information Sources for Allergy Medication

  • The most dependable source for choosing allergy medication is a study by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
  • The FDA study evaluates the effectiveness and safety of various allergy treatments, providing evidence-based information.

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