Questions and Answers
What is research design?
Blueprint of a study concerned with developing strategies for scientific inquiry.
What is the experimental model used for?
To determine cause and effect.
Measurement occurs ___ and ___ exposure to treatment in order to determine the cause of any differences.
before, after
What is causality?
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According to causality, the nature of reality can be known via ___
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How many steps does scientific research entail for resolving the causality problem?
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What is the first resolution of the causality problem?
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What does the second resolution of the causality problem involve?
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What is the third resolution of the causality problem?
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When researchers can exclude rival causal factors (Z), they can demonstrate that the relationship between X and Y is ___
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What is a spurious relationship?
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What are rival causal factors?
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What are the two types of rival causal factors?
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What are internal factors?
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What are external factors?
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What does validity refer to in research?
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In checking ___, the researcher is concerned with whether a variable other than X may have produced a change in Y.
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In checking ___, one asks what other variables may limit generalization of findings to larger populations?
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Internal factors that possibly threaten the internal validity of a research investigation include: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.
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What is history in the context of internal validity?
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What is maturation?
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What does testing bias refer to?
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What is instrumentation in research?
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What is statistical regression?
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What is selection bias?
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What is experimental mortality?
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What is selection-maturation interaction?
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What does generalizability refer to?
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What are testing effects?
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What is reactivity in research?
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What are multiple-treatment interferences?
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
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What is the halo effect?
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What is observer bias?
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What is researcher bias?
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What is post hoc error?
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What is the placebo effect?
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The ___ or a ___ (fake treatment) with no known effects is administered to control for the placebo effect.
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What is evaluation apprehension?
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What is a double blind experiment?
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What does experimental design allow researchers to do?
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What are the three types of experimental designs?
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What is a classical experiment?
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What are the components of the classical experiment?
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What is equivalence in experimental design?
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What is randomization?
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What does matching achieve?
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What is an experimental group?
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What is a control group?
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What are the five elements of an experiment?
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What are the two variables in an experiment?
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What is the independent variable?
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What is the dependent variable?
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What does the logic of the experiment assume?
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What are the two groups in an experiment?
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What does experimental design control for?
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What are the three different types of experimental designs?
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What characterizes true experimental design?
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What is a quasi-experimental design?
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What are the drawbacks of pre-experimental designs?
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What are two common pre-experimental designs?
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What does the One Group Ex Post Facto Design involve?
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What is a One Group Before-After Design?
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What does the Two-Group Ex Post Facto Design do?
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What are cross-sectional designs?
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What are longitudinal designs?
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What do time series designs involve?
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What are trend studies?
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What are cohort studies?
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What are panel studies?
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What is an experiment?
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What are the advantages of experiments?
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What are the disadvantages of experiments?
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Study Notes
Research Design Overview
- Research design acts as a blueprint for scientific inquiries, guiding problem formulation, participant selection, location, and timeframe.
- Experimental models are fundamental in establishing cause-and-effect relationships through random group assignments.
Causality and Measurement
- Measurement occurs before and after exposure to treatment to assess differences.
- Causality seeks to explain the relationship between variables to enhance understanding of reality.
Validity in Research
- Validity refers to accuracy in research, evaluated through internal and external components.
- Internal validity examines whether an external variable influenced the dependent variable (DV), while external validity questions generalizability to larger populations.
Internal Threats to Validity
- Factors threatening internal validity include:
- History: External events affecting results during the study.
- Maturation: Biological or psychological changes not due to the experimental variable.
- Testing: Bias introduced by pretesting subjects.
- Instrumentation: Changes in measurement instruments over time.
- Statistical regression: Tendency for extreme scores to revert toward the average upon retesting.
- Selection bias: Choosing nonequivalent groups for comparisons.
- Experimental mortality: Loss of subjects during the study.
Types of Causal Factors
- Rival causal factors can be classified into internal (within the study) and external (outside influences).
Experimental Design Structure
- Core components of a classic experiment include equivalence, pretest and posttest phases, and the existence of experimental and control groups.
- Randomization and matching are methods to achieve equivalence among groups.
Types of Experimental Designs
- Three main types of experimental designs:
- Classical experiments: Random assignment to treatment and control groups.
- Quasi-experimental designs: Lacking random assignments, may use matching.
- Pre-experimental designs: Often lack control and equivalence, limiting reliability.
Specific Experimental Models
- Various experimental design models include:
- Classical Experiment: O1 (Pretest) → X (Treatment) → O2 (Posttest).
- Post-test Only Control Group: Does not involve pretesting.
- Solomon Four Group Design: Combines classical and posttest-only designs for robustness.
Design Limitations
- Pre-experimental designs and their variations often face criticism for lacking the rigor of true experimental designs, risking internal validity.
Analytical Techniques
- Time series designs observe variations over time, whereas interrupted time series highlight treatment impact.
- Trend studies examine different samples overtime, while cohort studies focus on specific subgroups.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments
- Advantages include high control over variables, efficiency, and feasibility in natural settings.
- Disadvantages comprise potential artificiality, ethical concerns, and limitations in manipulating variables effectively.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapter 3 focusing on research design and the experimental model. This quiz covers definitions and critical elements necessary for conducting scientific inquiries. Enhance your understanding of how to structure a study effectively.