Research Design Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is an ethnographic study primarily concerned with?

Investigating the impacts of economic changes

Comparing different educational methods

Studying human societies and cultures (correct)

Analyzing the effectiveness of a specific treatment

In an experimental study, what does the control group do?

Is randomly assigned to different variables

Receives a different treatment

Does not receive any treatment (correct)

Undergoes the same treatment as the experimental group

Which of the following best describes ex post facto research?

Research designed with preconceived hypotheses

Research manipulating independent variables before measuring outcomes

Research examining effects after they have occurred (correct)

Research focused solely on qualitative data

What is the primary role of an independent variable in experimental research?

It is manipulated to see its effect on the dependent variable Signup and view all the answers

What type of study uses participant observation and conversations to gather data?

Ethnographic study Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically described when defining the research environment?

Source of funding for the study Signup and view all the answers

In correlational studies, what is primarily determined?

The strength and direction of relationships Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a case study research design?

An in-depth analysis of a specific subject or group Signup and view all the answers

Which research design provides information for specific action and can test particular strategies?

Action research Signup and view all the answers

What type of research aims to describe the status of a phenomenon at a specific time without explaining causality?

Assessment study Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research is primarily concerned with the effectiveness and efficiency of a program based on set objectives?

Evaluation research Signup and view all the answers

Which type of descriptive research involves in-depth analysis over a long period of time?

Case study Signup and view all the answers

What data sources are primarily used in content analysis?

Printed forms and films Signup and view all the answers

Which research type is focused on determining why and how programs succeed or fail?

Evaluation research Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of ethnographic studies in descriptive research?

Understanding cultural behaviors and practices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically included in descriptive research methods?

Statistical modeling Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of historical research?

Testing the truthfulness of observations made by others Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research focuses on describing and interpreting existing conditions or relationships?

Descriptive research Signup and view all the answers

What are primary sources in historical research?

Original documents or eyewitness accounts Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when selecting a research design?

Social media impact Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of selecting an appropriate research design?

To plan an approach that will effectively answer the research question Signup and view all the answers

In what way does descriptive research differ from experimental research?

Descriptive research does not involve hypothesis testing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common type of research mentioned in educational contexts?

Qualitative research Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be considered a secondary source?

A biography written about a historical figure Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in systematic sampling?

Number all individuals in the population consecutively. Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the process of calculating the sampling interval (k) in systematic sampling?

k is the total population divided by the sample size. Signup and view all the answers

When using systematic sampling, if the total number of houses is 20 and you need to select 6, what is the rounded value of k?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the population makes simple random sampling and systematic sampling appropriate?

The population is more or less homogenous. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a way of randomly selecting samples mentioned?

By stratified sampling Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does systematic sampling have over other sampling methods?

It is relatively easy to select samples. Signup and view all the answers

If the first randomly selected house is numbered 2, what will be the second selected house using a sampling interval of 3?

5 Signup and view all the answers

How are the subsequent samples chosen after the first in systematic sampling?

At pre-established intervals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of stratified sampling?

To guarantee representation from each segment of a heterogeneous population. Signup and view all the answers

How would you calculate the sample size for each stratum in proportional allocation?

Using the formula $n_i = \frac{N_i}{N} n$ for each stratum. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes simple cluster sampling?

Grouping the population into clusters and selecting all items from a few clusters. Signup and view all the answers

In the given sample sizes for proportional allocation, what is the correct sample size for College of Business Administration?

71 Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves dividing an area into narrow strips for sampling?

Strip sampling Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method is often confused with proportionate stratified sampling?

Stratified random sampling Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of stratified random sampling?

It selects a sample proportional to the size of each stratum. Signup and view all the answers

When using proportional allocation for a stratified sample, what is the total sample size stated?

310 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Design

Research design is selected with two purposes: to create an effective approach to answer the research question and to ensure the rigor and validity of the results.
There are three types of research designs often used in education: historical research, descriptive research and experimental research.

Historical Research

Focuses on understanding past events.
Examines the truthfulness of observations made by others.
Can study a person, a group, a movement, an institution, or an idea.
Often uses primary and secondary sources of data.

Primary Sources

Original documents or remains.
Eyewitness accounts of an event.

Secondary Sources

Accounts of events gathered from primary sources.

Descriptive Research

Describes and interprets current situations.
Examines existing conditions, relationships, opinions, processes, effects, or trends.
Does not necessarily seek or explain relationships, test hypotheses, make predictions, or explore meanings and implications.

Descriptive Research Types

Assessment Studies
Evaluative Studies
Document or Content Analysis
Ex Post Facto Design
Case Study
Ethnographic Study
Action Research
Community/ Assessment Study

Assessment Studies

Evaluate the status of a phenomenon at a specific time.
Present a situation as it exists, without explaining causality or making value judgments.

Evaluative Research

Determines why and how programs or services succeed or fail.
Provides a basis for continuing, improving, or re-programming specific project components.
Aims to improve and not to prove.

Content Analysis

Primarily concerned with the status of a phenomenon at a particular time or its development over time.
Sources of data include printed forms, tapes, films, and academic work.

Case Study

Allows for in-depth analysis of a specific part of the unit.
Gathers data over an extended period.
Subjects can be a person, a family, an institution, or a community.

Ethnographic Study

Also known as Cultural Anthropology.
Studies human societies, cultures, and their development.
Uses participant observation, conversations, and information from the groups being studied to gather data on behavior patterns, communication, and cultural features.
Begins without a pre-conceived hypothesis.

Ex Post Facto Study

Examines the effects of a treatment, situation, or event after the effect has occurred.
Two forms: correctional study and criterion group design.

Experimental Research

Investigates potential effects.
The researcher manipulates one or more independent variables while observing variations in the dependent variable(s).

Independent Variable

The factor measured, manipulated, or selected by the experimenter.

Dependent Variable

The factor observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.

Experimental Research Groups

Experimental group: receives the treatment (manipulation of the independent variable).
Control group: does not receive the treatment.

Research Environment (Locale or Setting)

The area or place where the researcher chose to conduct the study.
Includes descriptions of the location such as population, major sources of income, etc.
Provides a map.

Sampling Procedure

Two ways to randomly select samples:
- by lottery or rifa
- table of random numbers

Systematic Sampling

Consecutively numbers individuals in the population.
Selects the first sample randomly, then subsequent samples are chosen at pre-established intervals.
Selects every kth sampling unit of the population after the first sampling unit is selected randomly from the first k sampling units.

Stratified Sampling

Applicable when the population is not homogeneous and a simple random sample may not be representative.
Obtained by stratifying the population and then selecting a fixed number of items from each stratum via simple random sampling or systematic sampling.

Simple Cluster Sampling

One-stage sampling technique where the population is grouped into clusters or small units composed of population elements.

Strip Sampling

Divides the area to be sampled into narrow strips.
Selects a number of strips randomly, either by complete randomization or with some degree of stratification.

Other Sampling Techniques

Proportional Allocation: A stratified random sampling technique where the sample size from each stratum is proportional to the size of the stratum in the population.
Proportionate Stratified Sampling: Another name for stratified random sampling utilizing proportional allocation.

Simple Random Sampling & Systematic Sampling

Used when the population is more or less homogeneous.

Systematic Sampling Advantages

Ease of selecting samples.
Only one act of randomization is required (selecting the random starting point).

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals of research design, focusing on its various types including historical, descriptive, and experimental research. Participants will gain insights into the purpose and methods of each design type, as well as the importance of primary and secondary sources in historical research.