Reproductive Physiology and Disease Treatment

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What hormone is primarily used in the treatment of hypothyroidism in dogs?

Levothyroxine sodium (correct)

Thiamazole

Carbimazole

Triiodothyronine

Which of the following is a common symptom of hypothyroidism in dogs treated with Levothyroxine sodium?

Weight gain

Nervousness (correct)

Decreased appetite

Lethargy

What condition is associated with the use of Carbimazole for treatment in cats?

Hyperthyroidism (correct)

Hypersecretion of hormones

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones

Autoimmune destruction of tissue

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of thiamazole, the active form of Carbimazole?

Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common dosing range of Levothyroxine sodium for dogs?

22–44 micrograms/kg Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise from the administration of Carbimazole?

Decrease in glomerular filtration rate Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment modality is NOT typically used for endocrine disorders?

Antibiotic therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which gastrointestinal drugs primarily target the motility aspect?

Anti-motility drugs like loperamide Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of NK-1 receptor antagonists?

They block receptors in the emetic center and peripheral afferent nerves. Signup and view all the answers

What ongoing care is required for dogs receiving Levothyroxine sodium?

Continuous monitoring of hormone levels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diarrhea is specifically avoided from being treated with anti-motility drugs?

Infectious diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is classified as a serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist?

Dolasetron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gastroprotectants?

To protect the gastric mucosa from toxins and acid Signup and view all the answers

Which condition should be diagnosed to consider the necessity of gastrointestinal drugs?

The underlying primary cause of the gastrointestinal issue Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is primarily responsible for triggering the vomiting reflex during acute chemotherapy-induced emesis?

5-HT3 receptor Signup and view all the answers

What role does substance P play in delayed chemotherapy-induced vomiting?

Binds to neurokinin receptors in the CNS Signup and view all the answers

Which anti-ulcer drug is preferred for dogs and cats with ulcerations due to renal failure?

H2 receptor antagonists Signup and view all the answers

What complications are associated with chronic administration of acid suppressants in animals with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Pathologic fractures Signup and view all the answers

What is the stance on the use of gastroprotectants in dogs and cats with IRIS stage 1-3 renal disease?

Their prophylactic use is not supported by evidence. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine organs?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis?

Control of metabolic processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering propranolol before surgery in patients with hyperthyroidism?

To address cardiovascular complications Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended initial dosage for aqueous iodine solution before thyroidectomy?

3 to 5 drops daily for 7 to 14 days Signup and view all the answers

Why is radioactive iodine (131I) treatment recommended?

In case of intolerance to medication or surgical complications Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of high doses of thyroid hormone replacement?

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of the adrenal glands?

To mediate stress response and regulate electrolyte balance Signup and view all the answers

Which glucocorticoid is used for the treatment of acute hypoadrenocorticism?

Dexamethasone sodium phosphate Signup and view all the answers

How often should monitoring occur after starting treatment for hyperthyroidism?

At 3, 6, 10, and 20 weeks, then every 3 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adjusting to the lowest effective dose in thyroid hormone therapy?

To minimize side effects and prevent hormone rebellion Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of using iodine solutions in thyroid treatment?

The effect tends to diminish with long-term use Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fludrocortisone acetate in the treatment of Addison's disease?

To provide mineralocorticoid replacement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is used for chronic renal failure?

Nandrolone Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary mechanism of action for Mitotane in treating hyperadrenocorticism?

It selectively destroys specific adrenal cortex zones. Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment for diabetes mellitus provides rapid effects lasting 1-2 hours when administered intravenously?

Short-acting soluble insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which oral hypoglycemic agent is known to cause hypoglycemia and vomiting as a common adverse reaction?

Chlorpropamide Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of Nandrolone treatment?

Virilism at high doses Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for Selegiline in treating hyperadrenocorticism?

It inhibits ACTH secretion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect associated with Trilostane?

Gastrointestinal upset Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic effect of using Algatone for treating diabetes mellitus?

Reduces gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is most commonly associated with the use of Ketoconazole?

Hepatotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

In treating acute hypoglycemia, which of the following is a primary treatment option?

50% glucose IV Signup and view all the answers

Which medication acts by providing glucose mobilization from liver glycogen stores?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for using supportive management in chronic renal failure?

To stimulate appetite and muscle mass Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which agent is primarily effective when some pancreatic beta-cell activity remains?

Glibenclamide Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may contraindicate the use of Selegiline?

Concurrent diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reproductive Physiology and Treatment of Disease

Endocrine disorders can arise from overproduction or underproduction of hormones, receptor malfunction, or autoimmune destruction of gland tissues.
Common treatment modalities include surgical intervention, medication, radiotherapy, dietary adjustments, and hormone replacement therapy.

Thyroid Gland Function and Disorders

The thyroid gland regulates growth and metabolism, producing hormones T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine).
Hypothyroidism (common in dogs): Treated with Levothyroxine sodium, starting at 22–44 micrograms/kg daily, requiring continuous monitoring and adjustment.
Hyperthyroidism (common in cats): Treated with Carbimazole to manage hormone synthesis, administered at 10–15 mg daily in divided doses.

Gastrointestinal Pharmacology

Most gastrointestinal drugs provide symptomatic relief rather than treating underlying causes.
Proper diagnosis is crucial to determine the necessity of drug therapy and the primary cause of symptoms.

Emesis Pathophysiology

Acute emesis involves free radicals stimulating enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract to release serotonin, activating 5-HT3 receptors.
Delayed emesis related to chemotherapy is characterized by the release of substance P, affecting neurokinin receptors in the CNS.

Anti-emetic Treatments

5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists: Ondansetron and Dolasetron inhibit 5-HT3 receptors in the CRTZ to prevent vomiting.
NK-1 Receptor Antagonists: Maropitant citrate blocks receptors in the emetic center and peripheral nerves for effective anti-emetic action.

Diarrhea Management

Anti-motility drugs like loperamide are contraindicated in infectious diarrhea, which can worsen symptoms.
Diarrhea can be classified as infectious or non-infectious, with appropriate treatment varying based on the cause.

Gastroprotectants

Gastroprotectants shield the stomach by targeting causes like acidity and toxins and include antacids, PPIs, and gastric mucosa protectants.
They are used in managing gastric ulceration but should be considered cautiously in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Endocrine System Overview

The endocrine system comprises glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, regulating physiological processes.
Feedback mechanisms are essential for maintaining hormone balance and function.

Treatments for Endocrine Disruptions

Iodine therapies can suppress excessive thyroid hormone production prior to surgery but should not be used long-term due to diminishing effects.
Beta-blockers like Propranolol may address cardiovascular complications associated with hyperthyroidism.
Continuous monitoring of dosage and hormone levels is crucial after initiation of thyroid treatments.

Adrenal Gland Disorders

The adrenal gland mediates stress responses, metabolism, and balances electrolytes and sex hormones.
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s Disease): Treated with glucocorticoids like Hydrocortisone or Dexamethasone; can be administered intravenously based on the severity of the condition.
Fludrocortisone may be used for chronic management at 15–20 micrograms/kg daily.### Mineralocorticoid Treatment
Oral synthetic mineralocorticoids are often increased during the initial 6 to 18 months of therapy for secondary hypoadrenocorticism due to ACTH deficiency.

Treatment for Catabolic Disease and Chronic Renal Failure

Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that promote nitrogen retention and increase appetite and muscle mass in critically ill patients.
Ethylestrenol is administered orally at 50 micrograms/kg daily in divided doses.
Nandrolone is used for supportive management in chronic renal failure and some cases of anemia, increasing skeletal mass and production of erythrocytes while promoting water retention.

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Syndrome)

Mitotane selectively destroys cells in the adrenal zona fasciculata and zona reticularis to treat pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, while preserving the zona glomerulosa.
Common side effects include lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, and neurological signs.
Trilostane acts as a competitive inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, blocking adrenal synthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Selegiline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, increases dopaminergic tone to suppress ACTH secretion and is contraindicated in patients with severe illness.
Ketoconazole serves as an alternative to mitotane, reversibly inhibiting glucocorticoid synthesis without significantly affecting mineralocorticoid production.

Pancreatic Disorders and Diabetes Treatment

Insulin is the primary treatment for diabetes mellitus, with various formulations including short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting types, each with specific onset, peak, and duration times.
Oral hypoglycemic agents like sulfonylureas increase insulin secretion but are effective only with some beta-cell activity.
Metformin decreases gluconeogenesis and enhances glucose utilization but also requires some residual pancreatic function.

Acute and Chronic Hypoglycemia Management

For acute hypoglycemia, administering 50% glucose intravenously provides immediate relief.
Glucagon mobilizes liver glycogen stores and can be administered via several routes.
Chronic hypoglycemia can be managed with prednisolone or diazoxide, the latter suppresses insulin secretion from the pancreas.

Considerations for Medication Administration

Caution is advised in cases of hepatic impairment, early closure of growth plates in prepubertal animals, and potential for serious side effects such as pancreatitis or adrenal necrosis when using corticosteroids like mitotane and trilostane.
Operators should wear gloves when handling certain medications to avoid skin absorption and potential side effects.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers topics related to reproductive physiology and the treatment of various diseases. It includes information on disorders caused by malfunctioning endocrine systems, as well as common treatment modalities such as drug treatment and hormone replacement therapy. Test your understanding of the interplay between reproductive health and disease management.