Women's Health and Diseases Nursing

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Questions and Answers

When is the estimated due date if the last menstrual period was on May 21, 2016, using Naegele’s Rule?

February 27, 2016

April 16, 2016

February 28, 2017 (correct)

March 19, 2017

What does the term 'multipara' refer to?

A woman who has had two or more pregnancies

A woman who has completed two or more pregnancies to 24 weeks of gestation or more (correct)

A pregnancy that ends before 37 weeks

A woman who has never been pregnant

Which of the following describes Hegar’s sign?

Bluish discoloration of the vaginal mucosa

Softening of the lower uterine segment (correct)

A soft blowing sound heard over the uterus

Increased vascularity of the cervix

Which of the following is considered a probable sign of pregnancy?

Chadwick’s sign Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of pregnancy is the uterus typically the size of a grapefruit?

12 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What role does progesterone play during pregnancy?

Maintains pregnancy by relaxing smooth muscles Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'gravidity' refer to in obstetrics?

The number of pregnancies a woman has had Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a positive sign of pregnancy?

Detection of fetal heartbeat Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pregnancy tests?

To detect the presence of hormones like hCG Signup and view all the answers

Using Naegele's Rule, what is the expected due date if the last menstrual period was February 15, 2023?

November 22, 2023 Signup and view all the answers

What are presumptive signs of pregnancy?

Symptoms a woman experiences that may indicate pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a probable sign of pregnancy?

Ultrasound confirmation of a gestational sac Signup and view all the answers

In the context of maternal adaptations during pregnancy, which physiological change is expected?

Increased respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

When using the two-digit system to describe parity, what does the first digit represent?

Total number of pregnancies Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to refer to a woman who is pregnant?

Gravida Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a woman who has never been pregnant?

Nulligravida Signup and view all the answers

What does parity refer to in terms of pregnancy?

The number of pregnancies reaching viability Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used for a woman who has completed one pregnancy with a viable fetus?

Primipara Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational week does a pregnancy become classified as late preterm?

Between 34 weeks 0 days and 36 weeks 6 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest biochemical marker for pregnancy?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a post-term pregnancy?

Between 41 weeks 0 days and beyond Signup and view all the answers

An abnormally slow increase in hCG levels might indicate which condition?

Ectopic pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the gestational age range for a full term pregnancy?

Between 39 weeks 0 days and 40 weeks 6 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the uterus size at 10 weeks of gestation?

Size of an orange Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily stimulates phenomenal uterine growth in the first trimester?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

Chadwick's sign is characterized by what change?

Increased vascularization leading to a bluish color in the vagina Signup and view all the answers

When does Goodell's sign typically appear during pregnancy?

4th week of pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common vaginal change during pregnancy associated with hormonal stimulation?

Leukorrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Hegar's sign during pregnancy?

It signifies softening and compression of the lower uterine segment Signup and view all the answers

When does pregnancy usually start to show visibly?

After 14 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs to the pH of vaginal secretions during pregnancy?

It becomes more acidic Signup and view all the answers

Ladin’s sign is observed due to what specific change in pregnancy?

Softening at the junction of the uterus and cervix Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs first during pregnancy?

Chadwick's sign Signup and view all the answers

What is the Braxton Hicks sign characterized by during pregnancy?

Irregular, painless contractions that occur intermittently. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to diastolic blood pressure during pregnancy?

It decreases until 24 to 32 weeks and then returns to normal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected change in cardiac output during pregnancy?

Increased by 30% to 50% over the nonpregnant rate. Signup and view all the answers

By how much does blood volume increase during pregnancy?

By approximately 1200 to 1500 ml. Signup and view all the answers

Which change is associated with the renal system during pregnancy?

Lowered renal blood flow due to increased pooling. Signup and view all the answers

What causes morning sickness during early pregnancy?

Hormonal changes leading to nausea and vomiting. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common skin change during pregnancy?

Chloasma gravidarum or facial melasma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical effect of progesterone during pregnancy?

Maintains pregnancy by relaxing smooth muscles. Signup and view all the answers

How does maternal oxygen requirement change during pregnancy?

Increases due to heightened metabolic rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom experienced by pregnant women related to the neurological system?

Carpal tunnel syndrome due to peripheral nerve edema. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Istanbul Gelisim University

Istanbul Gelisim University is dedicated to ecological, economic, and social sustainability.
Website and social media links are provided.

Department of Nursing

Course name: Women's Health and Diseases Nursing
Lecturer: Dr. N. Alper Sahbaz, MD

Course Information

Course credit: 8 Credit / 9 ECTS
Course link: https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/en/lesson-details-17-319-12715-2
Week: 17

What to Learn This Week

Formation of the human reproductive physiology and pregnancy

Embryo Implantation

Illustrated stages of human embryo development (zygote, cleavage stages, morula, blastocyst, implantation).
Stages include fusion of egg and sperm pronuclei (fertilization) and ovum.
Features of the reproductive organs (uterus, fallopian tube, ovaries, vagina, cervix).

Early Pregnancy Signs

Common early pregnancy signs are listed as symptoms.
Signs include headache, nausea, vomiting, bloating, missed period, spotting, elevated temperature, swollen/tender breasts, mood swings, flatulence, frequent urination, fatigue, food cravings, crying, low back pain and constipation.

Learning Objectives

Determining gravidity and parity using two- and five-digit systems.
Describing different types of pregnancy tests, including timing and interpretation.
Explaining expected maternal anatomic and physiologic adaptations to pregnancy.
Differentiating presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy.
Identifying maternal hormones during pregnancy, their target organs, and effects.

Naegele's Rule

A formula for calculating the estimated due date (EDC).
Begin with the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP).
Subtract three months.
Add 7 days.
Add one year.

Naegele's Rule Questions

Questions related to calculating due dates based on the LMP using Naegele's rule (three examples provided).

Important Terms: Gravidity

Gravida: A woman who is pregnant.
Gravidity encompasses pregnancy regardless of outcome.
Multigravida: A woman who has had two or more pregnancies.
Nulligravida: A woman who has never been pregnant.
Viability: Ability of a fetus to survive outside the womb (24+ weeks gestation).

Important Terms: Parity

Parity: Number of pregnancies in which a fetus/fetuses have reached viability, not the number of fetuses born.
Nullipara: A woman who has not completed a pregnancy to the stage of fetal viability.
Primipara: A woman who has completed one pregnancy to 24 weeks of gestation.
Multipara: A woman who has completed two or more pregnancies to 24 weeks of gestation or more.

Important Terms: Gestational Age of Pregnancy

Preterm: Pregnancy that reaches 24 weeks but ends before 37 weeks of gestation.
Late preterm: Pregnancy between 34-0 to 36-6 weeks of gestation.
Early term: Pregnancy between 37-0 to 38-6 weeks of gestation.
Full term: Pregnancy between 39-0 to 40-6 weeks of gestation.
Late term: Pregnancy between 41-0 to 41-6 weeks of gestation.
Post term: Pregnancy that reaches 42 weeks and beyond.
Gestational age chart is provided in weeks.

Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - earliest biochemical marker for pregnancy; production begins at implantation.
hCG levels increase in urine until reaching a peak (60-70 days of gestation).
High hCG levels may indicate abnormal or multiple gestations.
Abnormal hCG increase/decrease can indicate miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy.

Adaptations to Pregnancy

Reproductive system and breasts: Uterine growth (size comparisons), breast changes during pregnancy, and the timeline.
Diagnosis of pregnancy: Explains probable signs of pregnancy using bimanual examination (Hegar's and Goodell's signs).
Uteroplacental Blood Flow: Maternal blood flow to the uterus and placental perfusion increase during pregnancy; blood flow details for the vascular system.
Ballottement: Passive movement of the unengaged fetus, detected by vaginal exam (16-18 weeks).
Breast changes: Breast changes (fullness, sensitivity, tingling, heaviness) and pigmentation changes in nipples and areolae. Lactogenesis (colostrum).
Cardiovascular system: Slight cardiac enlargement, diaphragm displacement, and increased pulse rate (10-15 beats/min).
Blood Pressure: Diastolic blood pressure generally remains constant, then gradually decreasing (widespread decrease).
Blood volume and composition: Changes in blood volume (plasma, RBCs), increased total white blood cells, and timing of total white blood cell count increase in pregnancy.
Cardiac Output: Cardiac output increases (30-50%) over non-pregnant rate. Circulation time slightly decreases.
Respiratory system: Oxygen requirements increase; upper respiratory tract becomes more vascular.
Pulmonary function: Pregnant women may experience dyspnea; chest wall and diaphragm changes.
Basal metabolic rate: Metabolic rate increase and varies considerably; heat intolerance, fatigue experienced by expectant mothers.
Renal system: Changes to renal pelves and ureters. Glucose in pregnancy urine content. Urinary frequency, bladder irritability, and nocturia. Bladder capacity increase to 1500 ml.
Fluid and electrolyte balance: Pooling of fluid in legs, edema, and dependent edema - no treatment needed. Glucose reabsorption impaired in pregnant women. Proteinuria is unusual but can occur during labor or birth.
Integumentary system: Chloasma (facial mask), linea nigra, striae gravidarum, and Vascular Spiders (angiomas), Palmar erythema, cholestasis of pregnancy, and epulis, hirsutism.
Musculoskeletal system: Walking difficulties, waddling gait, ligamentous laxity and muscular/spinal changes.
Neurologic system: Edema affecting peripheral nerves, carpal tunnel syndrome, headaches, syncope (fainting), hypocalcemia, muscle cramps, tetany (muscle spasms).

Adaptations to Pregnancy: Gastrointestinal System

Appetite and Nausea (Morning sickness): Changes in appetite (pica), excessive salivation (ptyalism); nausea and vomiting of pregnancy subsides by third trimester.
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, and Intestines: Pica, non-food substance cravings, vomiting, indigestion (pyrosis), constipation, hemorrhoids, and their symptoms.

Adaptations to Pregnancy: Pituitary and Placental Hormones

Roles of hormones (progesterone for muscle relaxation, maintaining pregnancy; estrogen for breast and uterine changes; and oxytocin for milk production and uterine contractions during labor).

Multiple Choice Questions

Questions related to hormones, the definition of gravidity and multipara, due date calculation, probable signs of pregnancy (Hegar and Goodell's signs), uterus size in gestation, and the definition of ballottement in pregnancy.

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Description

Explore the essentials of human reproductive physiology and early pregnancy signs in this week's nursing course. Learn about the stages of embryo development, from zygote to implantation, and the features of reproductive organs. This quiz will help solidify your understanding of key concepts in Women's Health Nursing.

Women's Health and Diseases Nursing - Week 17

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