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Questions and Answers
The total body fluid is distributed mainly between two compartments: the ______ fluid and the intracellular fluid.
The total body fluid is distributed mainly between two compartments: the ______ fluid and the intracellular fluid.
extracellular
Daily intake of water is about ______ ml/day from liquids or water in the food.
Daily intake of water is about ______ ml/day from liquids or water in the food.
2300
Water loss in feces is normally about ______ ml/day but highly increased during diarrhea.
Water loss in feces is normally about ______ ml/day but highly increased during diarrhea.
100-200
Insensible water loss occurs through ______ from the respiratory tract and diffusion through the skin.
Insensible water loss occurs through ______ from the respiratory tract and diffusion through the skin.
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Transcellular fluid includes fluid in the ______, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular spaces and the cerebrospinal fluid.
Transcellular fluid includes fluid in the ______, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular spaces and the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Urine volume can be as low as ______ L/day in a dehydrated person.
Urine volume can be as low as ______ L/day in a dehydrated person.
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Osmosis is the net diffusion of ______ across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis is the net diffusion of ______ across a selectively permeable membrane.
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The extracellular fluid is divided into the ______ fluid and the blood plasma.
The extracellular fluid is divided into the ______ fluid and the blood plasma.
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Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the ______.
Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the ______.
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Lymphatic blockage causes ______ and it can become especially severe.
Lymphatic blockage causes ______ and it can become especially severe.
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Edema caused by heart failure is severe because the heart fails to pump blood normally from the ______ into the arteries.
Edema caused by heart failure is severe because the heart fails to pump blood normally from the ______ into the arteries.
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The kidneys serve multiple functions including ______ of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals.
The kidneys serve multiple functions including ______ of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals.
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The kidneys regulate ______ balances.
The kidneys regulate ______ balances.
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Each kidney of the adult human weighs about ______ grams.
Each kidney of the adult human weighs about ______ grams.
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Each kidney in the human contains about ______ million nephrons.
Each kidney in the human contains about ______ million nephrons.
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After age ______, the number of functioning nephrons usually decreases about 10 per cent every 10 years.
After age ______, the number of functioning nephrons usually decreases about 10 per cent every 10 years.
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Sodium enters the cell through special ______ channels and is transported out of the cell by the sodium-potassium ATPase pump.
Sodium enters the cell through special ______ channels and is transported out of the cell by the sodium-potassium ATPase pump.
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Aldosterone antagonists compete with aldosterone for binding sites in the cell and therefore inhibit the effects of aldosterone to stimulate ______ reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone antagonists compete with aldosterone for binding sites in the cell and therefore inhibit the effects of aldosterone to stimulate ______ reabsorption and potassium secretion.
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The medullary collecting ducts actively reabsorb ______ and secrete hydrogen ions and are permeable to urea, which is reabsorbed in these tubular segments.
The medullary collecting ducts actively reabsorb ______ and secrete hydrogen ions and are permeable to urea, which is reabsorbed in these tubular segments.
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The reabsorption of water in medullary collecting ducts is controlled by the concentration of ______ hormone.
The reabsorption of water in medullary collecting ducts is controlled by the concentration of ______ hormone.
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Aldosterone increases ______ reabsorption and increases potassium secretion.
Aldosterone increases ______ reabsorption and increases potassium secretion.
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Angiotensin II increases ______ and water reabsorption.
Angiotensin II increases ______ and water reabsorption.
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When osmolarity of the body fluids increases above normal, ADH increases the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to ______.
When osmolarity of the body fluids increases above normal, ADH increases the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to ______.
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The result is reabsorption of large amounts of ______ with subsequent reduction of urine volume.
The result is reabsorption of large amounts of ______ with subsequent reduction of urine volume.
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During the formation of a concentrated urine, urea contributes about 40 to 50 per cent of the osmolarity of the renal ______ interstitium.
During the formation of a concentrated urine, urea contributes about 40 to 50 per cent of the osmolarity of the renal ______ interstitium.
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Little urea is reabsorbed at distal and ______ collecting tubules.
Little urea is reabsorbed at distal and ______ collecting tubules.
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High concentrations of ADH cause water to be reabsorbed rapidly from the ______ collecting tubule.
High concentrations of ADH cause water to be reabsorbed rapidly from the ______ collecting tubule.
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Tubular fluid flows into the ______ medullary collecting ducts, and then more water reabsorption takes place.
Tubular fluid flows into the ______ medullary collecting ducts, and then more water reabsorption takes place.
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Urea diffuses out of the tubule (inner medullary collecting duct) into the renal ______.
Urea diffuses out of the tubule (inner medullary collecting duct) into the renal ______.
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The countercurrent multiplier system is involved in producing a ______ renal medulla.
The countercurrent multiplier system is involved in producing a ______ renal medulla.
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The vasa recta plays a crucial role in preserving the hyperosmolarity of the renal ______.
The vasa recta plays a crucial role in preserving the hyperosmolarity of the renal ______.
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The countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta helps to prevent ______ dissipation of the renal medullary cells.
The countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta helps to prevent ______ dissipation of the renal medullary cells.
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Water is always reabsorbed by ______ (passive mechanism).
Water is always reabsorbed by ______ (passive mechanism).
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______ is always reabsorbed by osmosis (passive mechanism).
______ is always reabsorbed by osmosis (passive mechanism).
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The known examples of active transporters are ______ ATPase, hydrogen ATPase, hydrogen-potassium ATPase, and calcium ATPase.
The known examples of active transporters are ______ ATPase, hydrogen ATPase, hydrogen-potassium ATPase, and calcium ATPase.
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Primary Active Transport Through the ______ Membrane Is Linked to Hydrolysis of ATP.
Primary Active Transport Through the ______ Membrane Is Linked to Hydrolysis of ATP.
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Secondary Active ______ Through the Tubular Membrane.
Secondary Active ______ Through the Tubular Membrane.
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The transport maximum is the maximum rate at which ______ can be reabsorbed from the tubules.
The transport maximum is the maximum rate at which ______ can be reabsorbed from the tubules.
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______ ions are co-transported with glucose and amino acids through the apical side of the tubular epithelial cells.
______ ions are co-transported with glucose and amino acids through the apical side of the tubular epithelial cells.
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Passive ______ Reabsorption by Osmosis Is Coupled Mainly to Sodium Reabsorption.
Passive ______ Reabsorption by Osmosis Is Coupled Mainly to Sodium Reabsorption.
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Study Notes
Fluid Intake and Output
- The daily intake of water is approximately 2300 ml, consisting of:
- 2000 ml from liquids and food
- 200 ml from oxidation of carbohydrates in cells
- Daily loss of water occurs through:
- Insensible water loss (700 ml/day) through evaporation from the respiratory tract and diffusion through the skin
- Sweat (100 ml/day, but can increase to 1-2 L/hour in hot weather or during heavy exercise)
- Feces (100-200 ml/day, but can increase during diarrhea)
- Urine (0.5-20 L/day, depending on hydration level)
Body Fluid Compartments
- The total body fluid is distributed between two main compartments:
- Extracellular fluid (ECF)
- Intracellular fluid (ICF)
- The ECF is further divided into:
- Interstitial fluid
- Blood plasma
- Transcellular fluid (includes cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and others)
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Osmosis: the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to one with a lower concentration
- Osmolality and osmolarity: measures of solute concentration in a solution
Edema
- Causes of edema:
- Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitium
- Failure of the lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium back into the blood
- Heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or cirrhosis
- Effects of edema:
- Increased interstitial fluid volume
- Hypertension
- Pulmonary edema in severe cases
Functions of the Kidneys
- Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
- Regulation of water and electrolyte balances
- Regulation of body fluid osmolality
- Regulation of arterial pressure
- Regulation of acid-base balance
- Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
- Gluconeogenesis
Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys
- The kidneys lie on the posterior wall of the abdomen, outside the peritoneal cavity
- Each kidney weighs approximately 150 grams and is about the size of a clenched fist
The Nephron
- Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, each capable of forming urine
- Nephron structure:
- Renal corpuscle (Bowman's capsule)
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
Active Transport
- Primary active transport through the tubular membrane linked to hydrolysis of ATP
- Secondary active reabsorption through the tubular membrane
- Secondary active secretion into the tubules
- Pinocytosis: an active transport mechanism for reabsorption of proteins
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
- The kidneys excrete excess water by forming a dilute urine
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts
- Countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle produces a hyperosmotic renal medulla
- Urea contributes to the hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium and concentrated urine formation
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Description
This quiz covers the daily intake and loss of water in the human body, including water ingested from liquids and food, and water lost through insensible means such as evaporation and diffusion.
