Rehabilitation and Incarceration in the US

The lack of resources, a major study of treatment programs published in 1974 determined that "nothing works", and the belief that the medical model was a flawed metaphor for corrections.

Correctional control emphasizes incapacitation and deterrence, and limits judicial and correctional discretion in mitigation.

1.9 million

<p>Jails are the initial point of institutionalization, feature a high turnover rate, are funded by local taxes and are locally administered, and house a diverse population for various reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jail incarceration can lead to negative consequences for individuals, including a higher likelihood of imprisonment upon conviction, decreased employment and economic stability, increased mental health problems, and negative impacts on family relationships and financial stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parole is early release from prison, while probation is a sentence served in the community instead of prison. Parole is overseen by the state, while probation is supervised by local courts. Parole involves individuals who have already served time in prison, while probation is for individuals who have been sentenced to prison but have not yet served time. Finally, the mandates and responsibilities of probation and parole officers differ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Probation offers advantages like reduced incarceration costs, opportunities for rehabilitation, lower recidivism rates, continued community support, and flexibility in punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parole decisions involve political considerations, such as determining the appropriate time for release, accurately assessing rehabilitation progress, and considering prison capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People on community supervision are most often incarcerated due to technical violations, which are non-criminal offenses, such as missing a meeting with their probation or parole officer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass punishment refers to the combined population of incarcerated individuals and those under community supervision, such as those on probation or parole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diversion refers to &quot;exit ramps&quot; that steer individuals away from the criminal justice system, offering alternative pathways like treatment programs. Deflection utilizes law enforcement as referral sources to mental health and drug treatment services, preventing individuals from entering the criminal justice system in the first place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effectiveness of law is limited due to the subtlety of many rule violations, its inability to address all forms of harm, and its reliance on individuals to initiate legal action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dynamic Court Model argues that courts can bring impactful social change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The &quot;hands off&quot; doctrine was the practice of federal courts deferring to state governments in the administration of correctional facilities until the mid-1960s, when cases like Cooper v. Pate (1964) marked a shift towards greater judicial involvement in prison oversight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 aimed to restrict prisoner lawsuits by implementing the exhaustion rule, the three strikes rule, physical injury requirement, and discouraging skilled attorneys from representing prisoners. It also made it difficult for prisoners to reach settlements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Costello Injunction in Florida aimed to reduce prison overcrowding by limiting the influx of new inmates and accelerating releases. It recognized the threat of violence in overcrowded prisons, highlighted the concept of &quot;prison capacity&quot; as a key factor, and emphasized the responsibility of the Florida Department of Corrections in carrying out the injunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prison siting refers to the location of correctional facilities. It emerged as a strategy for economic growth in the 1970s-1980s, particularly in rural areas experiencing deindustrialization. The presence of prisons often creates jobs and economic opportunities, leading to significant economic growth and social implications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reentry has become a permanent aspect of the correctional system due to its increasing institutionalization, public support, emergence as a crucial focus during a period of transitioning away from tough on crime policies, and its prominence as a problem that cannot be ignored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recidivism refers to the re-arrest, re-conviction, or re-incarceration of an ex-offender within three years of release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poverty is the strongest predictor of recidivism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second change gap refers to the discrepancy between the availability of second chance opportunities and their actual delivery to those eligible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Labeling theory predicts that formal sanctions, such as criminal convictions, can intensify rather than deter future deviant behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coerced work on parole occurs when individuals are compelled to work under threat of criminal repercussions, effectively tying employment to the avoidance of legal punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ban the Box policies restrict employers from inquiring about criminal histories on job applications. While research suggests it can increase employment opportunities for individuals with convictions, its effectiveness in reducing recidivism is still being debated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with criminal records face numerous barriers to entrepreneurship, including limited access to financial capital due to restricted funding and debt options, inadequate human capital stemming from lack of education, training, and financial literacy, and a dearth of social capital manifested in limited access to role models, support networks, and business opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The risk of homelessness is highest among Black women, specifically those who have been formerly incarcerated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Housing insecurity refers to the lack of secure shelter due to factors such as high housing costs relative to income, leading to poor housing quality, unstable neighborhoods, overcrowding, and ultimately homelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The criminalization of homelessness refers to policies and measures that criminalize life-sustaining activities such as sleeping in public spaces, which often target homeless individuals and exacerbate their vulnerability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turning points are significant events or experiences that disrupt an individual's trajectory, potentially leading to either increased or decreased criminal behavior. Examples include marriage, employment, and military service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In In re Gault (1967), the Supreme Court ruled that juveniles facing potential institutionalization have fundamental constitutional rights, including the right to notice of charges, the right to counsel, the right to question witnesses, and the right against self-incrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The juvenile justice system is characterized by remedial proceedings, focusing on rehabilitation and addressing underlying issues, while the adult system follows an adversarial approach, emphasizing punishment and accountability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The juvenile justice system has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages include reducing the stigma of deviant behavior, separating juveniles from adult offenders, addressing their social, emotional, and educational needs, and protecting them from excessive punishment. Disadvantages include potential leniency for serious offenses, inconsistencies in punishments compared to the adult system, and limitations in due process rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Status offenses are acts deemed illegal only when committed by a juvenile, such as truancy or running away from home, and are typically dealt with in juvenile court.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are three types of juvenile waivers: discretionary waiver, where the judge has sole discretion; mandatory waiver, where transfer to adult court is automatic based on age and offense severity; and presumptive waiver, where the burden of proof shifts to the juvenile to avoid transfer to adult court.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The age of criminal responsibility refers to the age at which an individual is automatically subject to the jurisdiction of adult court for any offense committed, regardless of the severity of the offense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four elements of the &quot;new professionalism&quot; in policing are accountability, legitimacy, innovation, and national coherence. Accountability involves police holding themselves accountable to various oversight bodies. Legitimacy necessitates public trust and confidence in law enforcement. Innovation requires police to adopt and evaluate successful practices from other departments. Finally, national coherence aims to establish a common set of skills and protocols for police nationwide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass incarceration has unintended consequences across various aspects of society, including negative impacts on children and families, mental and physical health of individuals, employment opportunities and labor market participation, and political engagement and civic participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Critics of the abolitionist perspective argue that its absolutist rhetoric can alienate segments of the public who might support decarceration but not complete abolition. They also criticize abolitionists for rejecting reformist efforts that do not fully dismantle the existing system, potentially hindering progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers