Rehabilitation and Incarceration in the U.S.

The lack of resources, a major study of treatment programs published in 1974 determined that "nothing works", and the belief that the medical model was a flawed metaphor for corrections.

Correctional control places greater emphasis on incapacitation and deterrence. It reflects a desire to limit the discretion of judges and correctional officials in mitigating harsh sanctions, such as mandatory minimums and life without parole.

1.9 million

<p>Jails are the initial point of institutionalization via the criminal justice system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jail incarceration can have significant consequences for individuals, impacting their criminal justice outcomes, employment, health, and family relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Probation and parole differ in terms of their timing, governing authority, client demographics, and mandates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced incarceration costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parole decisions involve considering political factors, assessing rehabilitation progress, and considering prison capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals on community supervision are often incarcerated due to technical violations, which are non-criminal offenses like missing a meeting with their probation officer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass punishment refers to the combined population of incarcerated individuals and those on community supervision, encompassing incarceration, parole, and probation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diversion refers to alternative pathways that move individuals away from the criminal legal system, offering options to arrest, prosecution, and incarceration. Deflection involves law enforcement referring individuals to community-based services before potential crises, instead of traditional police interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effectiveness of law is limited due to the subtlety of many rule violations, the inability of law to address all societal harms, and its lack of self-mobilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic Court Model: Courts can be, and often are, significant political actors capable of effecting important social change; (Yes courts can be effective)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The &quot;hands off&quot; doctrine reflected the deference of federal courts to state governments in managing correctional facilities until the mid-1960s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 aimed to make it more difficult for prisoners to file lawsuits and win cases by implementing measures like stricter pleading requirements, limited access to legal assistance, and restrictions on class-action lawsuits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Costello Injunction in Florida aimed to address prison overcrowding by reducing the influx of inmates, accelerating the release of those incarcerated, and defining prison capacity as a key aspect of the problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prison siting refers to the process of determining the location of prisons, which has often resulted in the placement of facilities in rural areas with economic challenges. This practice has led to demographic changes, with rural communities experiencing economic growth tied to correctional facilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reentry movement gained momentum in the context of a shift away from &quot;tough-on-crime&quot; policies, has received strong public approval, and is increasingly institutionalized as a standard practice. Furthermore, the issue of reentry cannot be ignored due to its direct impact on diverse segments of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recidivism refers to the re-arrest, re-conviction, or re-incarceration of an ex-offender within three years of release. This term is commonly used to measure the effectiveness of criminal justice interventions and rehabilitation programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poverty is considered the strongest predictor of recidivism, indicating that individuals facing economic hardship are more likely to re-offend.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second chance gap refers to the disparity between eligibility and access to &quot;second chance&quot; programs and initiatives designed to assist individuals reintegrating into society after incarceration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Labeling theory predicts that formal sanctions, such as criminal convictions, can amplify deviant behavior, rather than deterring it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coerced work on parole refers to situations where individuals are required to work under the threat of criminal repercussions if they fail to comply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some studies found BTB policies increased the probability of employment for people with convictions by 30% on average.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barriers to entrepreneurship for formerly incarcerated individuals include financial capital constraints, limited human capital, and limited access to social capital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The risk of homelessness is highest for Black women, particularly those who have been incarcerated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Housing insecurity refers to the lack of security in an individual's shelter, often stemming from high housing costs relative to income, leading to poor housing quality, unstable neighborhoods, overcrowding, and homelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The criminalization of homelessness encompasses policies and measures that criminalize life-sustaining activities for individuals experiencing homelessness, such as sleeping or sitting in public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turning points are significant life events that can either positively or negatively influence an individual's trajectory, potentially shifting their behavior patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Supreme Court ruled in In re Gault (1967) that juveniles facing potential commitment to an institution are entitled to certain fundamental constitutional rights, including the right to notice, counsel, confront witnesses, and protection against self-incrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The juvenile justice system emphasizes a remedial approach, focusing on rehabilitation and addressing underlying issues, while the adult system is largely adversarial, with a focus on punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pros: Reduces the stigma of deviant behavior, Separates juveniles apart from adult offenders, Addresses social, emotional, and educational needs of young people, Protects young people from overly punitive punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Status offenses are acts that are considered illegal only when committed by a juvenile and can be adjudicated only in a juvenile court.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mandatory waiver: Automatic transfer to criminal court takes place on the basis of the youth's age and the gravity of the offense</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The age of criminal responsibility refers to the age at which any offense automatically subjects an individual to adult court jurisdiction, bypassing the juvenile justice system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four key elements of the &quot;new professionalism&quot; in policing are accountability, legitimacy, innovation, and national coherence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass incarceration has widespread unintended consequences, impacting children and families, mental and physical health, employment opportunities, and political and civic engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Critiques of the abolitionist perspective highlight its absolutist rhetoric, which can alienate some who might support decarceration but are not ready to fully abandon the existing legal order.</p> Signup and view all the answers