Rehabilitation and Incarceration in Prisons

The lack of resources, A major study of treatment programs published in 1974 determined that "nothing works", The belief that the medical model was a flawed metaphor for corrections

Correctional control places a greater emphasis on incapacitation and deterrence, limiting judges and correctional officials' ability to mitigate harsh sanctions like mandatory minimums and life without parole.

1.9 million

<p>Jails are the initial point of institutionilization via the criminal justice system, There is instability because there is an unpredictability for how long someone will spend in there, Jails are funded by tax dollars, The jail population is diverse; people are in jail for various reasons and jail incarceration are locally administered</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Criminal justice outcomes: individuals detained pretrial are more likely than those not experiencing pretrial detention to be sentenced to prison, Employment: pretrial detention decreases formal employment and decreases the receipt of employment and tax-related government benefits, Health: jail incarceration is positively associated with major depression, binge drinking, and illicit drug use, Family: jail incarceration is positively associated with emotional stress, parenting strain, work-family conflict, social stigma, and financial strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parole is early release, Probation is a period of supervision, Probation instead, parole after, Governing authority, Different types of clients, Different mandates and responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advantages: Reduced incarceration costs, Rehabilitation opportunities, Lower recidivism rates, Continued community and family support, Flexibility in punishment, Disadvantages: Minimal form of care and connections to social services as well as incentives to stay sober and avoid criminal behavior while also increasing stress, More demanding on social relationships (ex. family members of people w/ parole have to play a more active care role)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political considerations: when is it too early to release?, Accurately determining rehabilitation: how do we know if the person is sufficiently rehabilitated and ready to return?, Prison capacity: are there enough prison beds?</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Technical violations; non-criminal offenses (ex; missing a meeting w/ your PO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The population of people incarcerated + the population of people who are in the public but on supervision (Incarcerated, parole, probation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diversion: A broad term referring to &quot;exit ramps&quot; that move people away from the criminal legal system, offering an alternative to arrest, prosecution, and incarceration, Deflection: Relies on law enforcement to be the referral source to community-based drug treatment and mental health services prior to potential crise, rather than utilizing traditional police interventions (i.e., arrest, booking, and charging); Focus is on moving away from the criminal legal system, without having entered it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtlety of many rule violations, Law lacks remedies to heal many types of injuries (can't fix all our problems), Law does not mobilize itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constrained Court Model: Courts are inherently unable to produce significant social change; (No courts are not effective)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is when up until the mid-1960s, courts deferred to state governments in the administration of correctional facilities; Amid the civil rights movement and women's rights movement, prisoners were successfully able to file lawsuits. Ruling in Cooper v. Pate (1964) signaled the end of the &quot;hands off&quot; approach of federal courts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Made it difficult to bring cases forth - Exhaustion rule -Ross v Blake (2016) - Three strikes rule, Made it more difficult to win cases - Physical injury requirement - Discourages skilled attorneys from getting involved, Made it difficult to agree on settlements, (Whole reform act was very effective)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Tobias Simon suggested they reduce the influx of the prison population, accelerate the discharge of inmates, and , Three important aspects: - The injunction defined the problem as the immediate possibility of violence in overcrowded prisons - The injunction relied on the concept of &quot;prison capacity&quot; in framing the problem; by focusing relief on &quot;capacity&quot; rather than a reduction of the prison population, the injunction left open the possibility of compliance by prison expansion -The injunction placed the primary responsibility for reducing the population on the FDOC; consequently, this empowered the FDOC to direct the translation of compliance in ways that did not divert people from prison, Takeaways: - Look beyond usual suspects (conservative policy makers, punitive punishers) -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is when Prison hosting emerged as a tool for economic growth in the mid 1970s-1980s (Where we put our prisons), On average, for every 100 incarcerated people housed, 35 jobs were created., Rural economies, suffering from deindustrialization turned to correctional facilities for rejuvenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Since becoming identifiable, the problem cannot be ignored - Reentry is increasingly institutionalized as a standard practice - The reentry movement began at a time when tough on crime was winding down - Reentry has strong public approval</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The re-arrest, re-conviction, or re-incarceration of an ex-offender within three years of release</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between eligibility and delivery of second chance relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That they can amplify, rather than deter, future deviant behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coerced work on parole occurs when people are required to work under the threat of criminal repercussions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Policies that restrict employers from inquiring about criminal histories on initial job applications (Typically by eliminating the checkbox inquiring about prior convictions and/or arrests), We don't know if it is truly effective, Craigie (2020) found BTB policies increased the probability of employment for people with convictions by 30% on average. But Agan and Starr (2018) found BTB increased the racial gap in callbacks (favoring white applicants) from 7% to 43%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Financial capital: scarce funding, restrictions on debt - Human capital: lack of formal schooling/training, fewer opportunities for financial and economic literacy - Social capital: lack access to role models or suitable business networks for peer support, investment, and business opportunities</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Black women (specifically, formally incarcerated black women)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Housing insecurity is the lack of security in an individual shelter that is the result of high housing costs relative to income and is associated with poor housing quality, unstable neighborhoods, overcrowding, and homelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Policies/measures that prohibit life-sustaining activities such as sleeping/camping, eating, sitting, and/or asking for money/resources in public spaces., Anti homeless laws, quality of life ordinances, dismantling of social services</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption in someone's trajectory; Things that can be crime-inducing or crime-reducing, Such as, marriage, employment, and military service, that shift the trajectory of a person's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In hearings that could result in commitment to an institution, juveniles have four basic constitutional rights; - The right to notice - The right to counsel - The right to question witnesses - The right to protection against self-incrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is remedial, where as in the adult system it is adversarial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pros: Reduces the stigma of deviant behavior, Separates juveniles apart from adult offenders who might abuse,exploit, or teach them negative behaviors and attitudes., Addresses social, emotional, and educational needs of young people, Protects young people from overly punitive punishments, Cons: Youths who commit serious offenses are treated too leniently., There are great inconsistencies between the punishments meted out in the juvenile justice system and those meted out in the criminal justice system., Juvenile delinquents are not afforded all the due process rights that are available in the criminal justice system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An act that is considered a legal offense only when committed by a juvenile and that can be adjudicated only in a juvenile court</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discretionary waiver: Transfer of the juvenile to adult court is at the judge's discretion, Mandatory waiver: Automatic transfer to criminal court takes place on the basis of the youth's age and the gravity of the offense, Presumptive waiver: The burden of proof shifts from the state to the juvenile, who must contest being transferred to adult court.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The age at which any offense automatically subjects an individual to adult court jurisdiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accountability: The police must account for their actions not only to the departmental chain of command, but also to city councils,citizen review boards, state legislators, inspectors general, as well as government auditors and the courts., Legitimacy: The police must be considered honest brokers in their interactions with citizens. Many citizens have lost their trust and confidence in the police, which makes policing less effective, Innovation: Future police departments should be willing to evaluate and adopt the positive innovations of other departments. A commitment to innovation means an active investment in personnel and resources in adapting new policies and practices that have proven effective elsewhere., National coherence: Police can share a set of skills and follow a common set of protocols that have been accepted and proven effective. A commitment to national coherence suggests that good policing incorporates a universal set of practices and policies that can be effective in jurisdictions across the country</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Children and families - Mental and physical health - Employment and labor market participation - Political participation and civic engagement, (Refer to Page 449 of Second Edition of textbook)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>The rhetoric of abolition is absolutist. Therefore, it might frighten segments of the public who would otherwise supporteven radical decarceration but who are not prepared to rule it out entirely - Abolitionists reject &quot;reformist reforms&quot; that do not contribute to dismantling the existing legal order</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers