Redox Reactions and Thermodynamics Quiz

Study Notes

OIL RIG and LEO the lion says GER are mnemonics used to remember Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
Oxidation: refers to the loss of electrons, often accompanied by an increase in oxidation state.
Reduction: refers to the gain of electrons, often accompanied by a decrease in oxidation state.

The oxidation of an alkane to carbon dioxide involves the loss of electrons and a gain in oxidation state.
The reduction of carbon dioxide back to an alkane involves the gain of electrons and a decrease in oxidation state.

Exothermic reactions release heat into the surroundings.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings.
Gibbs Free Energy (G) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to predict the spontaneity of a reaction.
Exergonic reactions have a negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) and are spontaneous.
Endergonic reactions have a positive Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) and are non-spontaneous.
Spontaneous reactions occur without the input of energy.
Nonspontaneous reactions require the addition of energy to occur.
Activation Energy (Ea) is the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur.
Reaction Coordinate Diagrams are graphical representations of energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction.
Calorimetry is the experimental technique used to measure the heat changes associated with chemical reactions.

Reaction kinetics studies the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions.
Factors that affect reaction kinetics:
- Temperature
- Concentration of reactants
- Surface area
- Presence of a catalyst
Catalysts increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the reaction.
Enzymes are biological catalysts.

Synthesis reactions involve the formation of a new compound from simpler reactants.
Decomposition reactions break down a compound into simpler substances.
Exchange reactions involve the exchange of atoms or ions between reactants.
- Single replacement reactions involve the replacement of an atom or ion in a compound.
- Double replacement reactions involve the exchange of two atoms or ions between two compounds.

Chemical equilibrium is a state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

Condensation reactions involve the formation of a new molecule with the elimination of a small molecule, often water.
Hydrolysis reactions involve the breaking of a chemical bond using water.

Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to a molecule.
Hydration is the addition of water to a molecule.
Markovnikov's Rule describes the regioselectivity of electrophilic addition reactions to alkenes.
- In the addition of HX to an alkene, the hydrogen atom attaches to the carbon atom that already has the most hydrogen atoms attached to it.

Triose - 3 carbon sugar
Tetrose - 4 carbon sugar
Pentose - 5 carbon sugar
Hexose - 6 carbon sugar
D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-fructose are common monosaccharides, each with a unique structure.
Cyclic structure of glucose is a six-membered ring formed by the reaction of the aldehyde group with a hydroxyl group.

Monosaccharides: Simple sugars.
Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharides linked together.
Trisaccharides: Composed of three monosaccharides linked together.
Oligosaccharides: Oligosaccharides are composed of a small number of monosaccharides linked together (typically 3-10).
Polysaccharides: Composed of many monosaccharides linked together.
Aldoses: Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group.
Ketoses: Monosaccharides with a ketone group.

Fisher projections are two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional molecules.
D vs L carbohydrates: D-sugars have the hydroxyl group on the penultimate carbon (the last chiral carbon) on the right in a Fischer projection. L-sugars have the hydroxyl group on the left.
Enantiomer - Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.
Diastereomer - Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
Ring closure of linear carbohydrates is a process where the linear form of a sugar (e.g., glucose) cyclizes into a ring structure.
Anomers are cyclic isomers of a sugar that differ only in the configuration at the anomeric carbon.
Anomeric carbon is the carbon atom that was the carbonyl group in the open chain form of the sugar.
Reducing sugars are sugars that can be oxidized.
Glycosidic bond is a bond formed between the anomeric carbon of one sugar and a hydroxyl group on another sugar.
Maltose, lactose, and sucrose are common disaccharides.
Amylose and amylopectin are two types of starch.
Glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are important polysaccharides in biological systems.