PTSD
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Questions and Answers

What is a key factor contributing to the development of PTSD according to the text?

  • Being in crowded places
  • Exposure to physical threats
  • Participating in military service
  • Lack of social support (correct)

    • Which type of disorder is characterized by mild PTSD symptoms lasting for about 1 month?

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  • Adjustment Disorders
  • Acute Stress Disorder (correct)
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

    • In the context of PTSD, what does direct experiencing of traumatic events refer to?

  • Seeing the events happen in a movie
  • Hearing about the events from a friend
  • Reading about traumatic events in a book
  • Experiencing the events firsthand (correct)

    • Which group was more likely to develop PTSD after 9/11, as per the text?

    <p>Firefighters and their relatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about developing PTSD, based on the information provided?

    <p>Only direct victims can develop PTSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which war saw returning soldiers face hostility from society upon their return?

    <p>Vietnam War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes one of the intrusive symptoms experienced after a traumatic event?

    <p>Recurrent, involuntary and intrusive memories of the event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction to trauma can lead to physiological distress upon exposure to certain cues?

    <p>Body entering perpetual fight-or-flight mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Complex PTSD resulting from chronic sexual trauma as a child?

    <p>Perpetual fight-or-flight response likely for life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with trauma typically respond to distressing memories of the event?

    <p>They avoid distressing memories at all costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common response to external reminders that trigger memories of a traumatic event?

    <p>Avoidance of external reminders that arouse memories of the event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological disorders can be caused by prolonged hyperarousal due to trauma?

    <p>Different neurological disorders due to hyperarousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological vulnerability factor that can increase the likelihood of developing PTSD?

    <p>External locus of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive vulnerability is associated with overestimating the intensity of threats, leading to hyper vigilance for threatening events?

    <p>Looming cognitive style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key symptom indicating changes in cognitions and mood in individuals with PTSD?

    <p>Inability to experience positive emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant cognitive vulnerability factor that can impact the development of PTSD?

    <p>Negative attributional style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a role in stress sensitization, making individuals more vulnerable to developing PTSD after experiencing trauma?

    <p>Attachment style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of PTSD, what does an external locus of control imply?

    <p>Low ability to endure stressful events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key cognitive factor that can lead to exaggerated startle responses in individuals with PTSD?

    <p>Cognitive schemas about self, world, and future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom indicating changes in arousal and reactivity in individuals with PTSD?

    <p>Impulsive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with PTSD may experience persistent distorted cognitions about the cause of traumatic events, leading to self-blame or blame of others.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) typically lasts longer than PTSD if not treated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with PTSD may exhibit an external locus of control, feeling less able to cope with stressful events.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurological vulnerabilities such as low cortisol levels are not associated with abnormal stress responses in individuals with PTSD.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with PTSD often struggle with an exaggerated startle response due to a decreased level of vigilance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the psychological vulnerability factor with its impact on the likelihood of developing PTSD:

    <p>Neuroticism = Increased anxiety before the event Impulsivity = Increased likelihood of experiencing trauma Resilience = Decreased likelihood of PTSD Optimism = Decreased likelihood of PTSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the developmental factor with its impact on vulnerability to traumatic events:

    <p>Stress sensitization: childhood adversity = Increased vulnerability to other traumatic events Attachment style: Secure vs Insecure = Different beliefs about safety and potential for bad events History of psychiatric illness: family &amp; personal = Higher risk of developing PTSD Personality Factors - Neuroticism = More intense reactions to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the PTSD change in cognition or mood with its corresponding symptom:

    <p>Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event(s) = Marked diminished interest Persistent distorted cognitions about cause or consequence of event that lead to blame of self or others = Persistent negative emotional state Feeling detached from others = Persistent inability to experience positive emotions Irritable behavior and angry outbursts = Because always under stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the PTSD change in arousal and reactivity with its related symptom:

    <p>Reckless or self-destructive behavior = Lots of drug abuse and alcoholism linked to PTSD as ways to escape Hypervigilance = Exaggerated startle response Problems with concentration = Sleep disturbance Increased risk in women, younger people, lack of social support, pre-existing psychiatric disorder = (Risk factors for developing PTSD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group is stated to have an increased risk of developing PTSD?

    <p>Younger people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common comorbidity associated with PTSD?

    <p>Somatization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is not commonly associated with PTSD?

    <p>Procrastination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key cognitive vulnerability factor that can impact the development of PTSD?

    <p>Overestimating threat intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with PTSD, what symptom may indicate changes in arousal and reactivity?

    <p>Exaggerated startle response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Complex PTSD resulting from chronic sexual trauma as a child?

    <p>Continuous state of fight-or-flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates persistent avoidance in individuals with PTSD?

    <p>Avoidance of distressing memories and external reminders of the event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor contributing to the development of PTSD according to the text?

    <p>Social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation would not typically lead to the development of PTSD?

    <p>Having social support following a traumatic event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes one of the intrusive symptoms experienced after a traumatic event?

    <p>Experiencing recurrent trauma-related nightmares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction to trauma can lead to physiological distress upon exposure to certain cues?

    <p>Intense physiologic distress at cue exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor may serve as a protective measure against the development of PTSD?

    <p>Problem-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor demonstrates a potential link with the increased risk of PTSD development after experiencing trauma?

    <p>Attachment style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive factor is characterized by an overestimation of threat intensity and hyper vigilance for threatening events?

    <p>Looming cognitive style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PTSD Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

    • Acute Stress Disorder: mild PTSD, lasting about 1 month
    • Adjustment Disorders: non-physical threats
    • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious or sexual violence in which the sense of personal safety is threatened
    • Direct experiencing of traumatic event(s)
    • Witnessed in person the events as it occurred to others
    • Learning that the traumatic events occurred to person close to them
    • Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of trauma
    • Presence of 1+ intrusive symptoms after the event:
      • Recurrent, involuntary and intrusive memories of event (reliving the event)
      • Flashback triggered by stimulus (usually related to the trauma)
      • Recurrent trauma-related nightmares
      • Dissociative reactions
      • Intense physiologic distress at cue exposure
      • Makes physiological reactivity at cue exposure
    • Body enters perpetual fight-or-flight
    • Can cause different neurological disorders because of hyperarousal
    • Complex PTSD: if chronic sexual trauma as a child leads to perpetual fight-or-flight (most likely for life)

    PTSD Symptoms

    • Persistent avoidance by 1 or both:
      • Avoidance of distressing memories, thoughts or feelings of the event(s)
      • Avoidance of external reminders of that arouse memories of event(s) e.g. people, places, activities
    • PTSD CHANGES IN COGNITIONS AND MOOD:
      • Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event(s)
      • Persistent distorted cognitions about cause or consequence of event that lead to blame of self - or others
      • Persistent negative emotional state
      • Marked diminished interest
      • Feeling detached from others
      • Persistent inability to experience positive emotions
    • PTSD CHANGES IN AROUSAL AND REACTIVITY:
      • Irritable behavior and and angry outbursts
      • Reckless or self-destructive behavior
      • Hypervigilance
      • Exaggerated startle response
      • Problems with concentration
      • Sleep disturbance
    • Due to constant arousal

    PTSD Epidemiology

    • 7-9% of general population
    • 60-80% of trauma victims
    • 30% of combat veterans
    • 50-80% of sexual assault victims
    • Increased risk in women, younger people (because they are more vulnerable in society; no biological, psychological reasons)
    • Risk increases with “dose” of trauma, lack of social support, pre-existing psychiatric disorder

    PTSD Comorbidities

    • Depression
    • Other anxiety disorders
    • Substance use disorders
    • Somatization
    • Dissociative disorders

    PTSD Risk Factors

    • PRE TRAUMA:
      • Genetic Predisposition
      • Neurological Vulnerabilities:
        • Low cortisol levels = abnormal stress response
        • Amygdala hyperactivation with PTSD (constantly turning on without calming down)
        • Smaller hippocampal volume as a vulnerability factor for developing PTSD symptoms
      • Developmental Factors:
        • Stress sensitization: childhood adversity
        • Attachment style: Secure vs Insecure
        • History of psychiatric illness: family & personal
    • PERSONALITY FACTORS:
      • Neuroticism: more intense reactions to stress
      • Impulsivity: increased likelihood of experiencing trauma
    • PSYCHOPATHOLOGY:
      • Resilience: Self-efficacy, problem-solving, coping abilities (decreased likelihood of PTSD)
      • Optimism (decreased likelihood of PTSD)

    During Trauma

    • Peritraumatic Disassociation:
      • Dissociation of the brain from the body for self-protection
      • Altered Sense of Self
      • Cause Unclear
    • Cognitive Appraisal:
      • Evaluation of the Situation
      • Altered Assumptions

    Post Trauma

    • Maladaptive Coping:

      • Anger, shame
      • Negative appraisals of event, self, others, and world
      • Avoidance/attempts to suppress thoughts

    • Social Support### PTSD Symptoms

    • Changes in Cognitions and Mood: inability to remember important aspects of traumatic events, persistent distorted cognitions about cause or consequence of event, leading to blame of self or others, and persistent negative emotional state

    • Changes in Arousal and Reactivity: irritable behavior, angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance

    Epidemiology

    • 7-9% of general population, 60-80% of trauma victims, 30% of combat veterans, and 50-80% of sexual assault victims are affected by PTSD
    • Increased risk in women, younger people, those with lack of social support, and those with pre-existing psychiatric disorders
    • Comorbidities include depression, other anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, somatization, and dissociative disorders

    PTSD Risk Factors

    • Genetic Predisposition: heritability of .40 in twin study of Vietnam veterans
    • Neurological Vulnerabilities: low cortisol levels, amygdala hyperactivation, and smaller hippocampal volume
    • Developmental Factors: stress sensitization, childhood adversity, insecure attachment style, and history of psychiatric illness
    • Personality Factors: neuroticism, impulsivity, and psychopathology
    • Resilience: self-efficacy, problem-solving, coping abilities, optimism, and social support
    • Psychological Vulnerabilities: lack of social support, external locus of control, negative attributional style, rumination, and looming cognitive style
    • Cognitive Vulnerabilities: negative appraisals of event, self, others, and world, and avoidance or suppression of thoughts

    Peritraumatic Factors

    • Dissociation: dissociation of the brain from the body for self-protection, unclear causes, and affects PTSD development
    • Cognitive Appraisal: evaluation of the situation, altered assumptions, and maladaptive coping
    • Social Support: perception, availability, satisfaction, and external locus of control

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    Description

    This quiz covers key aspects of trauma- and stressor-related disorders, focusing on conditions like Acute Stress Disorder, Adjustment Disorders, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Learn about the factors contributing to PTSD and the impact of lack of social support. Explore the significance of exposure to life-threatening events in developing PTSD.

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