Psychology Research Methods Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does Smith suggest research is often linked to?

  • Equal representation
  • Objective truth
  • Eurocentric perspectives (correct)
  • Community empowerment

    • Intersectionality refers to the interactions between multiple forms of discrimination such as racism and sexism.

    True

    What is the main difference between deductive and inductive research?

    Deductive research tests theories, while inductive research builds theories from observations.

    The __________ theory focuses on power dynamics and systemic inequalities.

    <p>Critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research aspects with their definitions:

    <p>Hypothesis = A specific, testable prediction based on a theory Induction = Creating generalizations from specific observations Theory = Broad explanations of phenomena Deduction = Applying general principles to specific situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research question is best described by 'Does income level predict education level?'

    <p>Quantitative research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A random sample is always guaranteed to be a representative sample.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of positivism in research?

    <p>Objective measurement and quantifiable data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sample selected using a __________ process is known as a random sample.

    <p>random</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sampling types with their definitions:

    <p>Stratified sampling = Dividing a population into subgroups and selecting samples from each Convenience sampling = Choosing individuals who are easiest to reach Snowball sampling = Using referrals from initial participants to recruit more participants Purposive sampling = Selecting participants based on specific characteristics or criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines qualitative research?

    <p>Focuses on context and explores meanings and processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Causation can be established without demonstrating a statistical relationship.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between idiographic and nomothetic explanations?

    <p>Idiographic explanations focus on detailed understanding of specific cases, while nomothetic explanations identify general patterns across multiple cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sampling error occurs when the sample fails to accurately represent the population, potentially leading to __________.

    <p>bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research methodologies with their definitions:

    <p>Probability Sampling = Ensures every member of a population has an equal chance of selection. Non-Probability Sampling = Relies on readily available subjects, limiting generalizability. Qualitative Research = Focuses on context, meaning, and processes. Quantitative Research = Tests hypotheses using structured methods and aims for objectivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between theory and research?

    <p>Theory guides research while research tests theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudoscience consists of ideas that can be challenged over time with new evidence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

    <p>Qualitative research does not use random probability sampling, while quantitative research often relies on random sampling to ensure generalizability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ sampling method involves selecting participants based on their accessibility or availability.

    <p>convenience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research methods to their descriptions:

    <p>Probability Sampling = Sampling where every individual has a known chance of being selected Non-probability Sampling = Sampling methods where individuals do not have a known chance of being selected Inductive Approach = Reasoning from specific observations to broader generalizations Deductive Approach = Testing a theory by making predictions based on it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Class Measurement

    • An index measuring social class is highly correlated with an established measure. This confirms the validity of the new measure.

    • The index incorporates education and income, both considered key components of social class. This indicates the index's construct validity.

    Self-Esteem Measurement

    • Three variables measuring aspects of self-esteem exhibit high correlation. This suggests that these variables are measuring a unified concept of self-esteem.
    • Participant consent should be obtained before participation in a research study.

    Research Ethics Considerations

    • Researchers should consider ethical implications throughout the entire research process.

    Research Study Types

    • A study collecting observations at a single point in time is a cross-sectional study.

    Research Question Type

    • "Does income level predict education level?" is a correlational research question.

    Positivism vs. Interpretivism

    • Positivism focuses on observable phenomena and seeks to identify causal relationships, while interpretivism emphasizes understanding meaning and interpretations of the social world.

    Theory-Driven Research

    • Research that proceeds from theory to data is deductive research.

    Quantitative Research Criticism

    • A criticism of quantitative research is its potential for overlooking contextual factors or subjective experiences.

    Random Sampling

    • A sample selected randomly is called a probability sample.

    Representative Sampling

    • Harpreet aims to create a representative sample. This is achieved by employing sampling methods that reflect proportions of categories in the population. A representative sample closely mirrors the characteristics of the broader population.

    Social Construction

    • Constructionists assume the social world is socially constructed, not inherent in nature.

    Snowball Sampling

    • Snowball sampling uses social capital from a small group to expand the research sample. This method is non-probability based.

    Missing Data in Quantitative Research

    • Missing data in a quantitative study of criminal victimization will affect the study's generalizability and create bias if not handled appropriately.

    Qualitative Research Evaluation

    • Sharon's meticulous record-keeping of her qualitative research process aligns with the credibility criterion for evaluating qualitative research.

    Theory Definition

    • A theory is an abstract system of concepts and their relationships that helps explain a phenomenon.

    Science vs. Pseudoscience

    • Science involves ideas that can be challenged using new evidence, while pseudoscience consists of claims that are presented as scientific but aren't compatible with the scientific method and lack rigorous testing. Pseudoscience often uses contradictory, exaggerated, or unfalsifiable claims.

    Tentative Nature of Knowledge

    • Knowledge is not absolute and evolves with new information.

    Western Knowledge Appropriation

    • Research is often deeply integrated with colonial frameworks. These frameworks prioritize Western ideas over other perspectives and can result in the appropriation or exploitation of non-Western knowledge.

    General Research Questions

    • General research questions guide a study. Quantitative research questions frequently focus on identifying patterns and relationships within populations. Qualitative research questions often address rich understanding of contexts and lived experiences.

    Deductive vs. Inductive Research

    • Deductive reasoning begins with broader theories; researchers deduce specific hypotheses. Inductive reasoning begins with observations and forms theories.

    Epistemology and Ontology

    • Epistemology examines how one acquires knowledge, while ontology studies the nature of reality.

    Critical Perspectives in Social Science

    • Critical perspectives are analyses that challenge conventional ideas to expose power dynamics, oppression, and systemic inequalities.

    Feminist Research

    • Feminist research often centers on situated knowledges and intersectionality to critique the universality of knowledge claims, acknowledging that knowledge is influenced by perspective.

    Methodology vs. Method

    • Methodology is the overall framework or strategy for research, while methods are the specific techniques used for data collection and analysis. Lack of alignment between methodology and methods can lead to flawed research and inaccurate conclusions.

    Probability Sampling

    • Probability sampling techniques, such as simple random sampling, ensure every member of the population has an equal chance of selection.

    Non-Probability Sampling

    • Non-probability sampling does not randomly select participants. Methods, like convenience sampling, lack generalizability.

    Generalizability

    • Generalizability refers to the extent a research finding applies to a larger population. Sampling error, bias, and non-response can limit generalizability.

    Causality

    • Causality examines the direct effect of one variable on another. Establishing causality often requires robust research methods to account for other factors.

    Positivism

    • Positivism utilizes methods from natural sciences to study social phenomena, suggesting objective reality exists.

    Interpretivism

    • Interpretivism focuses on subjective interpretations of individuals and social contexts.

    Nomothetic vs. Idiographic Explanations

    • Nomothetic explanations seek general patterns between variables, useful in quantitative research. Idiographic explanations explore the particularities of a specific case, a common approach in qualitative studies.

    Reliability and Validity

    • Reliability indicates the consistency of measurement, while validity ensures methods appropriately measure what they intend to. Both are crucial for sound and replicable research.

    Operationalization

    • Operationalization involves translating abstract concepts into measurable variables, facilitating empirical testing and establishing clear definitions in a research project.

    Correlation vs. Causation

    • Correlation indicates relationship, while causality identifies a direct effect between variables. Numerous factors could influence relationship and researchers need to consider various potential explanations.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential topics in psychology research methods, including social class measurement, self-esteem measurement, participant consent, and research ethics. It also explores different types of research studies and question formulations. Enhance your understanding of these critical concepts in research methodology.

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