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Memory Research Methods and Measurement
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Memory Research Methods and Measurement

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between cued recall and free recall?

  • Free recall is generally easier than cued recall.
  • Cued recall targets specific memories with cues. (correct)
  • Free recall provides specific cues to aid memory.
  • Cued recall requires more detailed memory.

    • Which of the following describes old/new recognition?

  • Participants must decide if a single item was previously studied. (correct)
  • Participants report all items remembered from a session.
  • Participants identify multiple memories simultaneously.
  • Participants must choose between several presented items.

    • How would a forced-choice recognition test be structured?

  • Participants create a list of all that they remember.
  • Participants select from multiple items, indicating familiarity. (correct)
  • Participants recall events in chronological order.
  • Participants retrieve items with no external prompts.

    • What does 'implicit memory tests' measure?

    <p>Memory performance without conscious recollection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding recognition tests?

    <p>Recognition tests are always easier than recall tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a cued recall question?

    <p>What was the first word taught yesterday?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abbreviation 2AFC stands for what in the context of recognition?

    <p>2-alternative forced choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the difficulty of free recall compared to cued recall?

    <p>Free recall is harder than cued recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rationalism from empiricism in psychology?

    <p>Rationalism uses reason and logic, while empiricism relies on observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which statement best describes empirical methods in psychology?

    <p>They require confirmation or disconfirmation through observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the quote 'Psychology has a long past, but a short history' imply?

    <p>Psychology's origins are ancient, but its scientific development is recent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue is raised regarding observations in scientific methods?

    <p>Prior knowledge can influence our observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the empirical approach?

    <p>It includes both descriptive and experimental methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of Aristotle's beliefs regarding the brain's function related to memory?

    <p>The brain acts primarily as a cooling system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does data play in empirical research according to the content?

    <p>Data must be analyzed to draw conclusions about observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the history of empirical methods influenced the field of psychology?

    <p>Empirical methods have contributed to a more rigorous scientific foundation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using a between-subjects design in experiments?

    <p>It reduces the chance of carryover effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of a between-subjects design?

    <p>It creates a potential for progressive error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is essential for allowing causal inferences in experiments?

    <p>Random assignment of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be classified as a confound in an experiment?

    <p>The educational level of the participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the effects of using different participants for each condition in a between-subjects design?

    <p>It induces variance due to participant characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can help improve the quality of experiments?

    <p>Following the ceteris paribus principle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes treatment carryover effects?

    <p>An effect of prior treatment influencing future conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the variance due to individual differences between groups be minimized in experiments?

    <p>By ensuring random assignment is used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of an implicit word-fragment completion task?

    <p>Primed items are recognized faster than non-primed items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does source memory refer to?

    <p>The memory of how and when a memory was acquired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of memory does reality monitoring relate to?

    <p>The distinction between actual and imagined events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reaction time in memory research typically indicate?

    <p>The complexity of the memory task being assessed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging technique is characterized by placing electrodes on the scalp?

    <p>EEG (Electroencephalography)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using neuroimaging techniques in memory experiments?

    <p>They measure brain physiology correlating with memory performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory is typically easier to recognize for individuals?

    <p>Content related to faces seen before.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement does EEG primarily assess during memory experiments?

    <p>Changes in electrical activity of cortical neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the average magnetic field from 300-350 ms after word presentation indicate?

    <p>Word recognition activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the magnetic field average from 350-400 ms after a word is presented?

    <p>Contextual memory recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the observed difference in patients with hippocampal damage regarding memory recognition?

    <p>Altered memory for context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neural activity does fMRI primarily measure?

    <p>Oxygen consumption by active neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal in fMRI indicate?

    <p>Neural activity based on blood flow changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the fMRI technique?

    <p>Poor temporal resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for fMRI to capture the BOLD signal effectively?

    <p>Functional activation in a region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the hippocampus considered important in memory research?

    <p>It is essential for contextual memory recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of random assignment in experiments?

    <p>To control for individual differences among participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of memory retrieval, what does a reconnection test require a person to do?

    <p>Identify a target memory among presented items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of memory does metamemory refer to?

    <p>The awareness of how memory influences learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes implicit memory tests?

    <p>They evaluate nonconscious aspects of memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of double-blind procedures in experimentation?

    <p>To ensure that neither the participants nor the experimenters know the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does source memory involve understanding?

    <p>The distinction between real and imagined events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is reaction time related to memory research?

    <p>It varies based on task difficulty and number of tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of free recall tests?

    <p>Participants generate memories with minimal assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Research Methods:

    • Memory research follows the principles of empirical science.
    • Rationalism argues that logical reasoning is sufficient to understand the mind and memory.
    • Empiricism posits that observation and experimentation are crucial for understanding memory.

    Measuring Memory:

    • Recall measures retrieval of information without cues.
    • Cued recall provides specific cues to facilitate retrieval.
    • Free recall is more challenging than cued recall.
    • Recognition tests involve identifying previously learned items.
    • Old/new recognition requires participants to judge if an item was presented during the study phase.
    • Forced-choice recognition presents multiple options for participants to choose from.
    • Implicit memory tests assess memory indirectly through performance on tasks.
    • Source judgements measure memory of how information was acquired.
    • Reality monitoring relates to source memory, assessing whether a memory is based on actual events or imagination.

    Measuring Brain Function:

    • Neuroimaging techniques measure brain physiology to link it to memory performance.
    • EEG measures electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp.
    • MEG measures magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain.
    • fMRI uses magnetic fields to detect changes in blood oxygen levels, which indirectly reflect neural activity.

    Factors Affecting Internal Validity:

    • To ensure causal inferences from experiments, controls are essential to minimize the influence of extraneous variables.
    • Confounds are variables that unintentionally impact the dependent variable.
    • Random assignment helps control for participant differences by placing them in groups randomly.

    Implicit Word Fragment Completion Task:

    • This task assesses implicit memory by measuring the speed at which participants complete word fragments.
    • Participants typically complete fragments corresponding to previously studied words more quickly.
    • Reaction time is a common measure in memory research, reflecting task difficulty and processing demands.

    MEG Research:

    • MEG studies have shown that the hippocampus is involved in recognizing the context in which a word was encountered rather than the word itself.

    fMRI:

    • fMRI uses the BOLD signal, which indirectly reflects neural activity, to identify brain areas associated with specific memory functions.
    • fMRI offers excellent spatial resolution but relatively poor temporal resolution.

    Empirical Evidence

    • Empirical evidence is the result of scientific research and it must be verifiable.
    • This means that other scientists should be able to replicate the same or similar experiment and obtain the same results.

    Experiment

    • An experiment is a set of observations conducted under controlled conditions.
    • The experimenter determines these controlled circumstances.

    Independent and Dependent Variables

    • Independent variables are the factors that the experimenter manipulates across different conditions.
    • Dependent variables are the observations that are measured or recorded in response to the independent variable.

    Random Assignment

    • In random assignment, any participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions in an experiment.

    Double-blind Procedures

    • In a double-blind procedure, neither the experimenter nor the participants know which condition each participant is assigned to.

    Memory Tests

    • Free recall: A person must generate memories with minimal or no cues.
    • Cued recall: A person must generate a target memory corresponding to a specific cue.
    • Recognition test: A person must identify the target memory from among a set of presented items.
      • Old/New Recognition: A person decides whether an item was on a presented list.
      • Forced-Choice Recognition: A person identifies the answer from a series of possible answers.

    Implicit Memory Tests

    • These assess memory without the person being consciously aware of the memory assessment.
    • Example: A spelling test.

    Reaction Times

    • The amount of time it takes to perform a task is measured.
    • Reaction times can vary depending on the number or difficulty of the tasks.

    Source Memory and Reality Monitoring

    • Source memory: Our ability to recall where or from whom we learned something.
    • Reality monitoring: The ability to distinguish between memories of real events and imagined events.

    Metamemory

    • Our knowledge and awareness of our own memory processes.
    • Includes judgments about ease of learning, confidence levels, feeling of knowing, and tip-of-the-tongue states.

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    Related Documents

    PSYC 303 lecture 3.pdf
    Study guide lecture 3.docx

    Description

    This quiz explores various methods used in memory research, highlighting the contrast between rationalism and empiricism in understanding memory. It also covers different types of memory measurement techniques, including recall, recognition, and implicit memory tests, helping to deepen your understanding of how memory is assessed scientifically.

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