Psychology of Self and Attitudes
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Questions and Answers

What psychological consequence can arise from failure to connect socially during adulthood?

  • Increased emotional stability
  • Improved self-esteem
  • Feelings of inadequacy (correct)
  • Mature relationships

What is the primary focus of the genital stage in psychological development?

  • Avoiding punishment
  • Developing concrete operational skills
  • Understanding conservation
  • Re-emergence of sexual interests (correct)

At what age does Piaget's formal operational stage occur?

  • 12 years to adulthood (correct)
  • 7 to 12 years
  • 2 to 7 years
  • Birth to 2 years

Which level of Kohlberg's moral development theory focuses on avoiding punishment?

<p>Level 1: Preconventional Morality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive ability develops during the concrete operational stage?

<p>Ability to think logically about concrete objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the formal operational stage according to Piaget?

<p>Understanding abstract concepts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's moral development, what does the individualism and exchange stage emphasize?

<p>Understanding mutual benefit in actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive development stage follows the concrete operational stage?

<p>Formal operational stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory?

<p>The stages of personality development through social experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory occurs between birth and 18 months?

<p>Trust vs Mistrust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is likely if an infant develops mistrust during the first 18 months?

<p>Feelings of insecurity and anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory?

<p>Trust Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Freud's oral stage of development?

<p>Pleasure derived from oral activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does Erikson suggest a child develops confidence through encouragement?

<p>Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud believe significantly shapes adult personality and behavior?

<p>Childhood experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Erikson's psychosocial stages differ from Freud's psychosexual stages?

<p>Erikson includes social experiences, while Freud centers on the unconscious mind. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of successful experiences during the Initiative vs Guilt stage?

<p>A sense of purpose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can harsh potty training in the Anal Stage lead to?

<p>Anal-retentive traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of negative feedback during the Industry vs Inferiority stage?

<p>Feelings of inferiority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological conflict does the Oedipus Complex relate to?

<p>Male attraction toward the mother (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage focuses on the development of gender identity through the Oedipus and Electra complexes?

<p>Phallic Stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Ego Integrity vs Despair stage, what leads to feelings of despair?

<p>Regrets about life choices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encouraged during the Intimacy vs Isolation stage to foster successful relationships?

<p>Support and encouragement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome can result from the absence of productivity during the Generativity vs Stagnation stage?

<p>Feelings of stagnation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Latency Stage of development?

<p>Development of social relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does successful encouragement lead to during the Identity vs Role Confusion stage?

<p>Strong identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do children begin to develop object permanence and experience separation anxiety?

<p>Sensorimotor (0 - 2 years) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves individuals judging rule compliance to uphold the law and avoid guilt?

<p>Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of morality is characterized by the individual's basis resting on self-chosen principles?

<p>Level 3: Postconventional Morality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of morality in Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships?

<p>Approval of others in one's group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What realization occurs during Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights?

<p>Societal rules serve the majority but may conflict with individual needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the egocentric nature of a child in the preoperational stage?

<p>Focus on personal beliefs and feelings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage do individuals begin to internalize moral standards from valued adult role models?

<p>Conventional Morality Level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of morality is characterized by the creation of universal principles like justice and equality?

<p>Level 3: Postconventional Morality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the sensorimotor stage that aids in cognitive development?

<p>Exploring the world through sensory experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the moral understanding at Level 2 (Conventional Morality)?

<p>Morality is driven by adherence to rules and the approval of others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the psychological dimension of the self refer to?

<p>Set of characteristics, behaviors, attitudes, cognitions, and emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of learning uses rewards and punishments for behavior?

<p>Operant conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-esteem focus on?

<p>Our attitude towards ourselves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of attitude represents the emotional aspect towards oneself and the environment?

<p>Affect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of the self?

<p>Social dimension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the observation and imitation of behaviors from someone admired?

<p>Modeling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of attitude?

<p>Affect, cognition, and behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence one's attitude according to the content?

<p>Biological evolution of self (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension allows for viewing oneself as a spiritual being?

<p>Spiritual dimension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is operant conditioning different from observational learning?

<p>Operant conditioning does not involve social interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines self as stated in the content?

<p>An individual's perceptions and definitions of themselves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impacts attitudes according to the concept of modeling?

<p>The behavior of admired individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is one of the components of self-concept mentioned in the content?

<p>Ideal self (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Self

What an individual perceives as a distinct identity, different from others.

Physical Dimension of Self

Physical body, its processes, functions, and chemistry, from the smallest cells to organ systems.

Psychological Dimension of Self

Individual's set of characteristics, behaviors, attitudes, cognitions, and emotions.

Spiritual Dimension of Self

Spiritual level, often a belief in a higher power or purpose, influencing our values and actions.

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Attitude

A settled way of thinking and feeling about something or someone, reflected in behavior.

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Affect (Attitude Component)

The emotional component of an attitude, how we feel about something or someone.

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Cognition (Attitude Component)

The cognitive component of an attitude, our thoughts, beliefs, and knowledge about something or someone.

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Behavior (Attitude Component)

The behavioral component of an attitude, how our attitude is expressed through actions.

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Self-Concept

One's cognition about oneself, how we perceive our identity, personality, and individuality.

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Components of Self-Concept

The three components of self-concept: ideal self (who we aspire to be), public self (how we present ourselves to others), and real self (who we believe we truly are).

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Self-Esteem

One's attitude towards oneself, focusing on how we value ourselves based on positive and negative feedback.

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Sources of Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is influenced by internal factors (personal values, goals, and beliefs) and external factors (feedback from others, social comparisons).

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Social Factors (Attitude Formation)

Social norms, roles in a group, and upbringing all influence how we perceive and behave.

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Modeling (Attitude Formation)

Learning by observing others, leading to mimicking their behaviors and attitudes.

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Operant Conditioning (Attitude Formation)

We learn associations between behaviors and their consequences (rewards and punishments), shaping our attitudes.

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Psychosexual Theory

The theory suggests that childhood experiences greatly influence an individual's personality and behavioral patterns in their adult life.

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Psychosocial Theory

The theory emphasizes the importance of social experiences on personality development throughout the lifecycle. Each stage involves a unique challenge and opportunity for growth.

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Oral Stage

The first stage of psychosexual development where the mouth is the primary source of pleasure. Babies learn about the world through sucking, biting, and tasting.

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Anal Stage

This stage focuses on the development of personal control, especially over bodily functions. Children learn to manage their impulses and develop a sense of independence.

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What is the first stage of psychosocial development?

Trust vs Mistrust

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What is the second stage of psychosocial development?

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

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Who is the primary contributor to the psychosocial theory?

Erik Erikson

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Who is the primary contributor to the psychosexual theory?

Sigmund Freud

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Genital Stage

The stage of psychosexual development where individuals develop mature sexual relationships and emotional intimacy.

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Cognitive Development

The ability to understand and use logic, symbols, and abstract concepts to solve problems and make decisions.

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Piaget's Theory of Intellectual Development

A theory proposed by Jean Piaget that describes the stages of intellectual development in children, from infancy to adulthood.

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Moral Development

The ability to understand right from wrong, make moral judgments, and act accordingly.

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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

A theory proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg that explains how our understanding of morality evolves from childhood to adulthood.

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Preconventional Morality

The first level of moral development in Kohlberg's theory, where the focus is on external standards and consequences. Children in this stage are motivated to follow rules to avoid punishment.

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Concrete Operational Stage

The stage in Piaget's theory where children can think logically about concrete objects and understand concepts like conservation.

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Formal Operational Stage

The stage in Piaget's theory where individuals can think abstractly, reason logically, and solve problems using symbols and concepts.

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Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that others may have different beliefs or perspectives.

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Egocentrism

A stage of cognitive development where children are focused on themselves and struggle to understand different perspectives.

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Sensorimotor Stage

Learning through direct sensory experiences and physical interactions with the world.

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

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Preoperational Stage

A stage of cognitive development where children use symbols, language, and imagination to represent the world.

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Conventional Morality

Moral reasoning based on internalized rules and social expectations, focusing on being good and avoiding punishment.

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Postconventional Morality

Moral reasoning based on abstract principles of justice, fairness, and human rights.

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Good Interpersonal Relationships

Acting morally out of a desire for social approval and maintaining good relationships.

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Maintaining Social Order

Following rules and laws to uphold social order and avoid guilt.

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Social Contract and Individual Rights

Recognizing that rules and laws can sometimes conflict with individual rights and that there may be exceptions.

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Anal Stage (1-3 years)

A psychosexual stage where a child's pleasure is focused around the anus. Harsh potty training can lead to anal-retentive traits (like tidiness and stubbornness), while lenient training can result in anal-expulsive traits (like being messy and generous).

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Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

A stage where a child's pleasure is focused on the genitals. They experience the Oedipus and Electra complexes, leading to identification with the same-sex parent and the development of gender identity.

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Oedipus Complex

This complex occurs in boys and involves a child's attraction towards their mother and fear of their father's potential retribution (castration anxiety).

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Electra Complex

This complex occurs in girls and involves a desire for the father and feelings of jealousy towards the mother (penis envy).

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Latency Stage (6 years-puberty)

A period where sexual impulses are dormant, and the focus shifts towards developing social skills and peer relationships.

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Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 years)

This stage focuses on a child's initiative and sense of purpose. Encouragement during this time fosters a sense of purpose, while discouragement leads to feelings of guilt.

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Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years)

During this stage, a child develops a sense of competence through school and activities. Encouragement fosters competence, while negative feedback leads to feelings of inferiority.

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Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 years)

This stage is about forming a strong sense of identity. Exploration and self-discovery lead to a strong identity, while restrictions and lack of exploration can lead to confusion about one's place in the world.

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Intimacy vs Isolation (19-40 years)

This stage deals with forming intimate relationships and connections with others. Success leads to intimacy and a sense of belonging, while failure can lead to isolation and loneliness.

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Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 years)

A stage where individuals focus on contributing to society and leaving a positive mark. Generativity is achieved through meaningful contributions, while stagnation results from a lack of productivity and feeling like one is not making a difference.

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Study Notes

Dimensions of the Self

  • Self is defined as how an individual perceives themselves apart from others.
  • Physical dimension encompasses the human body's physical processes, functions, and chemistry.
  • Psychological dimension includes characteristics, behaviors, cognitions, and emotions.
  • Spiritual dimension involves viewing oneself as a spiritual being, related to a perceived higher power.

Attitudes and Components

  • Attitude is a settled way of thinking and feeling about someone or something, often reflected in behavior.
  • Affect represents emotions directed towards oneself, the environment, and others.
  • Cognition refers to emotions and thoughts related to oneself, the environment, and others.
  • Behavior is the action or manifestation of an attitude. Without affect, cognition, or an attitude, behavior is baseless.

Factors Affecting Attitude

  • Social factors include social norms, upbringing, and social roles.
  • Learning involves observational conditioning and operant conditioning (learning through rewards and punishments).
  • Modeling is when people adopt the behaviors of those they admire or are close to.

Self-Concept

  • Self-concept is an individual's cognition about themselves, including identity, personality, and individuality.
  • Components of self-concept are ideal self, public self, and real self.

Self-Esteem

  • Self-esteem focuses on the attitude toward oneself and how one values oneself.
  • Self-esteem is influenced by internal factors (e.g., self-worth) and external factors (e.g., feedback received).

Theories of Human Development

  • Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory*:
  • Erikson emphasized the impact of social experiences throughout life.
  • Stages include Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Ego Integrity vs. Despair.
  • Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Theory*:
  • Freud's theory focused on the unconscious mind.
  • Stages include Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.
  • Experiences during childhood greatly impact adult personality and behavior.
  • Jean Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory*:
  • Piaget's theory explains cognitive development through stages.
  • Stages include Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational.
  • Development occurs through interactions with the environment and object permanence.
  • Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Development*:
  • Kohlberg's theory explores moral development.
  • Levels include Preconventional (obedience and punishment, individualism and exchange), Conventional (interpersonal relationships, maintaining social order) and Postconventional (social contract and individual rights, universal principles).

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Core 13 Personal Development Midterms PDF

Description

Explore the dimensions of self, including physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects. Understand how attitudes are formed through emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, and discover the social factors that influence them. This quiz delves into the intricate connections between self-perception and attitude formation.

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