Psychology of Deviance and Personality Models
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Merton's deviance typology?

  • Disruption in society
  • The upper class
  • Global environmental factors
  • Lower class and conventional goals (correct)

    • Anomie theory suggests a strong causal relationship between strain and deviance.

    False

    List the three sources of strain according to Agnew.

    Failing to achieve personal goals, loss of positive stimuli, and the presence of negative stimuli.

    According to general strain theory, the greater the strain, the higher the chance of __________.

    <p>deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Absolute deprivation = A lack of basic necessities needed for survival Anomie theory = Social instability due to breakdown of standards and values General strain theory = The theory that greater strain increases deviance Deviance = Behavior that violates social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an individual risk factor in the PEN-model?

    <p>Openness to experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aggressiveness is a trait associated with Psychotism in the PEN-model.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one individual risk factor associated with the Big 5 Model.

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Big 5 Model, _______ refers to being organized and dependable.

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following personality traits with their respective models:

    <p>Aggressive = PEN Low self-esteem = PEN Agreeableness = Big 5 Neuroticism = Big 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor in the Big 5 Model encompasses being friendly and compassionate?

    <p>Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensation-seeking is a trait associated with Neuroticism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one general individual risk factor mentioned?

    <p>Low intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of rehabilitation in the context of offender treatment?

    <p>Reforming the offender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incapacitation aims to protect potential victims by removing offenders from society.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interventions are designed to meet the individual needs of offenders?

    <p>Evidence-based interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of _________ is to make offenders physically harmless by removing them from society.

    <p>incapacitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Rehabilitation = Training and treatment aimed at reforming the offender Incapacitation = Removing offenders from society to protect potential victims Evidence-based interventions = Tailored strategies based on research for individual offenders Mandatory minimum sentence = A minimum prison term that must be imposed for certain crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the broken windows theory primarily concerned with?

    <p>Unchecked disorderly behavior leading to increased crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The focus of social crime prevention is predominantly on upper-class crime.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three levels of social crime prevention?

    <p>Ideally early intervention, often secondary intervention, or tertiary level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The focus on disorderly behavior and small misdemeanors is intended to reduce _______.

    <p>crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following interventions with their description:

    <p>Early intervention = Prevention tactics aimed at potential future offenders Secondary intervention = Strategies targeting at-risk groups Tertiary intervention = Rehabilitation efforts for known offenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criticism of social crime prevention?

    <p>Correlation does not imply causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The police powers do not include stop and search options.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with police powers?

    <p>Ethnic profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To effectively curb crime, it is important to tackle small _______ before they escalate.

    <p>misdemeanors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do social bonds play in control theories?

    <p>They can act as a deterrent to criminal activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of policing involves community engagement and responding to community needs?

    <p>Community policing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reactive measures in policing focus on preventing crime before it occurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of intelligence-led policing?

    <p>To use intelligence in a structured manner to solve problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A policy aimed at addressing minor crimes through strict enforcement is known as a __________ policy.

    <p>zero-tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following punishment categories with their descriptions:

    <p>Consequentialism = Forward looking prevention of future offending Retributivism = Backward looking response to past actions Deterrence = Prevention or reduction of crime via punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common issue related to police misconduct?

    <p>Community engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individual deterrence aims to dissuade the general public from committing crimes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes using punishment to prevent future crimes by a specific offender?

    <p>Individual deterrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Generous or harsh punishment should fit the __________ proportionally.

    <p>crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the elements of police culture with their characteristics:

    <p>Hierarchy = A structured chain of command Machismo = Emphasis on toughness and masculinity Solidarity = Collective support among officers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which policing model focuses on analyzing crime-related problems?

    <p>Problem-oriented policing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zero-tolerance policies focus on strictly addressing serious crimes only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define 'General deterrence' in the context of punishment.

    <p>Aimed at preventing potential offenders by punishing current offenders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bribery and __________ are forms of police corruption.

    <p>police brutality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an aim of non-custodial sentences?

    <p>Combat minor crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Castration is a form of punishment traditionally used in modern legal systems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of prisons are designed for young offenders?

    <p>Young offender institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The aim of prison sentencing includes maintaining __________.

    <p>security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of sentences with their descriptions:

    <p>Custodial sentence = Involves imprisonment Non-custodial sentence = Community-based punishment Probation sentence = Supervised release with conditions Fine = Financial punishment proportional to the crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a concern related to prison sentencing?

    <p>Overcrowding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Retribution is based on the idea that punishment is deserved.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of probation sentences?

    <p>Supervision and rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prison can lead to deprivation of __________, which refers to individual freedom.

    <p>liberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aims to reduce the chance of reoffending?

    <p>Rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Community punishment includes unpaid work and curfews.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overarching theme of the retributivism aim in sentencing?

    <p>Punishment proportional to the crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deprivation of __________ refers to the loss of access to basic goods and services in prison.

    <p>goods and services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aims of prison sentences with their focus:

    <p>Incapacitation = Protecting the public from offenders Deterrence = Preventing future crimes through fear Rehabilitation = Reforming offenders through treatment Retribution = Punishment deserved by the offender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of custodial sentence?

    <p>Prison sentence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Criminology Overview

    • Criminology seeks to understand the nature, extent, and distribution of crime.
    • It aims to explain why crime occurs, identifying social, psychological, or economic influences.
    • Criminology assesses the effectiveness of policies and interventions in reducing crime.
    • Research in this field is empirical and relies on scientific recommendations.
    • Crime is defined as a violation of societal rules, expressed in a criminal code.
    • Crime dynamics are influenced by time, context, and societal changes.
    • Decriminalization results from societal changes.

    Crime Types

    • Victimless crimes: These crimes lack a victim and are often against societal norms.
    • Organized crime: A complex structure with organized methods.
    • White-collar crimes: These include occupational and corporate crimes.
    • Hate crimes: Motivated by prejudice or bias.
    • Environmental crimes: Actions that harm the environment.
    • Transnational crimes: Occur across national borders.
    • Mala prohibita: Wrong because they are prohibited by law.
    • Mala in se: Wrong because they are inherently evil

    Crime Motivations

    • Exproperiative: Obtaining resources from another without their knowledge or cooperation
    • Expressive: Gaining pleasure or reducing displeasure
    • Economic: Gaining monetary resources through illegal activities
    • Political: Gaining political resources through various tactics

    Crime Categorization

    • Crimes can be categorized into various subcategories that have different impacts on the justice system, and how they are handled. (e.g., the missing white woman syndrome)

    Crime in Media

    • Media portrays crime selectively, focusing disproportionately on violent crimes.
    • The media highlights certain crimes out of proportion to their actual frequency.
    • Missing white woman syndrome shows a disproportionate focus from the media.

    Moral Panic

    • Moral panic is a widespread concern about something that is often perceived as a threat.
    • The consequence of moral panic is that society responds in ways that might not actually address the root causes.

    Crime Measurement Methods

    • Official crime statistics provide valuable data but suffer from limitations, including underreporting.
    • Victimisation surveys reveal crime rates based on victim experiences, identifying the distribution of crime victims.
    • Self-report data collects information from offenders and victims, uncovering dark figures in crime.

    Theories of Crime Causation

    • Classical theories emphasize rational choice as a key motivation.
    • Positivist theories focus on biological, psychological, and social factors in crime.
    • Routine activities theory focuses on the motivated offender, suitable target and absence of a capable guardianship to explain crime.
    • Social disorganization theory analyzes crime in relation to social conditions.
    • Subcultural strain theory examines how social structures affect crime.
    • Strain theory (Merton and Agnew) examines the relationship between strain and deviance.
    • Control theories examine factors that prevent crime.
    • Social bond theory of criminal behaviour explores the link.
    • Labeling theory considers how labels affect behaviour.
    • Neutralization theory examines the process through which people justify criminal behaviour.
    • Conflict theories (critical) examine the relation between crime, power, and society.

    Crime Prevention Strategies

    • Situational prevention focuses on reducing crime opportunities.
    • Environmental design considerations in crime (Newman model) focus on the built environment to reduce crime.
    • Social prevention deals with underlying social factors that increase risk.

    Police Power and Models

    • Police powers are used in dealing with criminal behaviour and crime.
    • Different policing models exist, emphasising different crime reduction strategies.
    • Zero tolerance policies focus on controlling minor and major criminal behaviour.
    • Corruption and misconduct undermine trust in police

    Punishment and Sentencing

    • Punishment is used to deter crime and rehabilitate offenders.
    • Sentencing approaches have evolved over time, with evolving models of incapacitation, retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation being used.
    • Types of custodial sentences and non-custodial sentences, such as probation are used.

    Victims of Crime

    • Victim precipitation considers the role of the victim in the crime's occurrence, including their relation to and interaction with the offender.
    • The impact of victimisation can be extensive and diverse.
    • Impact on victim includes physical, behavioural and psychological harm.
    • Secondary victimisation occurs when victims are traumatized by the justice system.
    • Restorative justice seeks to address the harm caused by crime and promote reconciliation between victims and offenders.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts related to Merton's deviance typology and Agnew's general strain theory. It also delves into personality models such as PEN and the Big 5, focusing on traits and individual risk factors. Test your understanding of these psychological frameworks and their applications.

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