Functionalist and Strain Theories of Deviance
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Questions and Answers

What does the functionalist perspective propose as the cause of deviance?

  • Social structure (correct)
  • Individual personality traits
  • Cultural norms
  • Biological predispositions

According to Durkheim, what leads to feelings of normlessness?

  • Increased social integration
  • High levels of conformity
  • Rapid societal change (correct)
  • Strong cultural traditions

What does Merton's classic strain theory primarily connect to deviance?

  • Peer influence
  • Cultural values
  • Social structure (correct)
  • Psychological factors

What is meant by 'institutionalized goals' in Merton's theory?

<p>Goals that society promotes as desirable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely response of individuals who experience a gap between their goals and legitimate means?

<p>Adaptation through conformity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of small amounts of deviance according to Durkheim?

<p>Can be beneficial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when society changes too quickly, according to Durkheim's theory?

<p>Causes feelings of chaos and disorganization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Merton suggest most less fortunate individuals do in relation to their goals?

<p>Conform to societal expectations despite challenges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of collective conscience in religious rituals?

<p>To transmit the accumulated wisdom of the culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Durkheim view the function of religion in society?

<p>It maintains social solidarity and order (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does collective effervescence enable individuals to do?

<p>Transcend everyday challenges through shared excitement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Marx, what is one effect of religion on the proletariat?

<p>It provides temporary relief from life's struggles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Durkheim believe would increasingly take over the functions of religion with industrialization?

<p>Educational systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately describes elite control in media?

<p>It promotes social inequalities based on selective viewing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dysfunction of religion mentioned by functionalists?

<p>Contributing to violence and conflict (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of religion best explains the collective conscience concept?

<p>Strengthening social bonds and maintaining social order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sizing in media refer to?

<p>The overall salience of an event in the news flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the absence of certain social groups in media affect public perception?

<p>It can create overgeneralizations and stereotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using neutral terms like 'civilians' in news stories?

<p>It discourages emotional connection and identification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'categorization' in framing?

<p>It labels an event using a specific framework. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does agency play in news narratives?

<p>It implies accountability and responsibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following headlines illustrates the concept of agency?

<p>Murder in the Air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of framing a news event as an 'attack' rather than a 'tragedy'?

<p>It influences public opinion about aggressors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In shaping a media narrative, what effect does the term 'loved ones' have?

<p>Enhances identification and emotional engagement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does generalization in media often refer to?

<p>The connection between media stories and a larger political issue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that people imitate behaviors they observe in others?

<p>Social learning theory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Desensitization theory implies that exposure to violence affects viewers by:

<p>Diminishing their emotional impact of violence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to cultivation theory, what effect does repeated exposure to television violence have?

<p>It fosters a view that the world is more dangerous than it is. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social media does Goffman's dramaturgical theory emphasize?

<p>The management of personal impressions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of media technologies and identity, what does Zappavigna suggest about social media profiles?

<p>They showcase a curated version of oneself. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant point do feminist theorists make about media representations?

<p>They socially construct gender differences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does social media have on adolescents' identities?

<p>They are influenced by celebrities in both online and offline contexts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the nature of one's illness identity according to social perspectives?

<p>Social factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do overprotective parents influence youth with Type 1 diabetes?

<p>They make them feel overwhelmed and helpless. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to conflict perspectives, what do different groups have varying levels of access to?

<p>Health-promoting resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Engels argued that capitalism leads to unhealthy living conditions due to which primary factor?

<p>Profit motives of bourgeois owners (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an inherent contradiction identified by Navarro regarding capitalism and health?

<p>Profit motives can undermine health needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group critiques the healthcare system's legitimacy of different healthcare forms?

<p>Conflict theorists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do corporate needs affect health according to conflict theorists?

<p>They commoditize health as a market product. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do personal fitness trackers symbolize in the context of healthcare as a commodity?

<p>Individual responsibility for health management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of embodied cultural capital?

<p>The ability to speak Standard American English (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of cultural capital?

<p>Personal hobbies such as gardening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social stratification impact cultural capital?

<p>Dominant group cultural capital is given greater value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of private (independent) schools?

<p>They are operated by private organizations and require tuition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of streaming in education?

<p>It influences student expectations and life paths. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities would more likely be seen as a form of cultural capital favoring the dominant group?

<p>Participating in ballet classes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might children from lower-income families struggle in academic settings?

<p>They lack resources to engage in learning activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social factors do modern discussions of cultural capital extend to?

<p>Race, ethnicity, and gender memberships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Functionalist perspective on deviance

The functionalist perspective argues that societal structures, not individual flaws, cause different types of deviance.

Anomie

A state of normlessness; rapid social change that leaves individuals feeling lost and without clear social guidelines.

Strain Theory

Merton's theory that explains how societal structures and goals can lead to deviance.

Institutionalized goals

Societal goals that individuals are expected to pursue, such as wealth, power, and prestige.

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Legitimate means

Socially accepted ways of achieving institutional goals, like education, hard work, or investments.

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Conformity (strain theory)

Accepting societal goals and using legitimate means to achieve them.

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Deviance (Strain Theory)

Rejecting the legitimate means to attain desired societal goals

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Strain

Gap between goals and achieving goals.

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News Sizing

The overall importance of an event in news coverage, determined by the amount of news material and its prominence.

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News Framing

The overall objectives, or perspectives, of media, such as 'the tough guy wins' in a sporting event.

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Media Invisibility

When certain social groups aren't included in news frames, it makes them seem absent or unimportant in public perception, which can affect how others view them.

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News Agency

Words in news which show who/what is deemed responsible for an event.

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News Identification

Words that encourage (or discourage) emotional connection with people in a news story.

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News Categorization

The way news labels events, like calling something an "attack" or a "tragedy".

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Stereotypes

Oversimplified and often flawed ideas about a group of people.

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News Narrative

The overall form of telling a story within news media, establishing the 'frame' of an event. This includes how agency, identification, categorization are used.

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Generalization (Media)

The way a media story is broadened to apply to a larger political system or issue.

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Social Learning Theory

People learn by watching and copying others' actions and their consequences.

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Desensitization Theory

Repeated exposure to violence reduces its emotional impact on viewers.

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Cultivation Theory

Repeated exposure to media violence has cumulative (growing) effects on how viewers perceive the world.

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Dramaturgical Theory (Impression Management)

We carefully control how others see us, especially online (like social media).

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Augmented Self (Social Media)

Presenting a constructed image of oneself online rather than being authentic.

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Social Media Impact on Adolescents

Social media influences how adolescents see themselves, interact with others, and form identities, both online & offline.

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Feminist Media Perspective

Media portrayals of women and men are often stereotypical and shaped socially, not biologically.

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Social-Integrative Function of Media

Media connects people to one another by sharing information and experiences

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Conflict Perspective (Media)

The idea that elites control media to promote their own views and create social inequalities

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Collective Conscience

The shared knowledge and values transmitted through religious rituals

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Collective Effervescence

The excitement and shared energy felt during religious rituals

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Functionalist Perspective (Religion)

The view that religion strengthens social bonds and maintains social order

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Opium of the People (Religion - Marx)

Religion provides temporary comfort but prevents people from seeing their oppression and fighting for change

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Organic Solidarity

The social unity that arises in society with industrialized or complex divisions of labor

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Durkheim's Functionalist Perspective

Religion creates social solidarity and stability by transmitting accumulated cultural wisdom through group rituals.

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Cultural Capital

Symbolic assets acquired due to social class, including ways of speaking, possessions (like books), and educational experiences.

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Embodied Cultural Capital

Cultural capital expressed through behavior or speech, like the manner of speaking.

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Objectified Cultural Capital

Cultural capital represented by possessions like books or art.

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Institutionalized Cultural Capital

Cultural capital connected to formal institutions like schools; for example, a particular school stream (or course).

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Private Schools

Schools financed by individuals or organizations; students pay tuition.

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Educational Segregation

The separation of students based on factors such as school type (public vs. private)

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Socialization in Middle Class Families

Middle Class family environments provide inherent advantages for children in terms of cultural knowledge.

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Illness Identity

The way a person understands and experiences their illness, influenced by social factors.

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Social Factors (Illness)

External factors, like family dynamics and societal norms, that impact how a person perceives and manages an illness.

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Conflict Perspective (Health)

A viewpoint that examines health disparities through the lens of social inequality and power imbalances.

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Capitalism and Health

The conflict perspective argues that capitalist profit motives often prioritize profit over worker health.

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Engels' views

Engels argued that capitalism's pursuit of profit leads to unhealthy working and living conditions, increasing the spread of illness.

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Health as a Commodity

The conflict perspective critiques how health is treated as a purchasable item through healthcare products and services.

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Healthcare System Critique

Conflict theorists criticize how the healthcare system prioritizes certain forms of care over others, and how the powerful influence the system.

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Overprotective Parents and Illness Management

Studies indicate that overprotective parents can lead to a feeling of helplessness and overwhelm in their children, especially when it comes to managing a chronic illness

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Study Notes

Functionalist Perspective on Deviance

  • Functionalist perspectives propose that social structures cause deviance, rather than individual factors.
  • Deviance emerges from anomie, which is a sense of normlessness that results from rapid social change.
  • Durkheim argued that small amounts of deviance can be beneficial by reminding people of societal rules and the consequences of violating them.
  • Only excessive deviance is harmful.

Merton's Strain Theory

  • Robert Merton's strain theory connects deviance to social structures.
  • He suggested that individuals are socialized to pursue wealth and success (institutionalized goals).
  • However, some may lack access to legitimate means (e.g., good education, stable employment) to achieve these goals.
  • This gap creates strain, leading to different adaptations to deviance.

Adaptations to Strain

  • Conformity: Accepting the goals and the legitimate means.
  • Innovation: Accepting the goals but rejecting the legitimate means (e.g., fraud, criminal activities).
  • Ritualism: Rejecting the goals but accepting the legitimate means (e.g., working a dead-end job).
  • Retreatism: Rejecting both the goals and the legitimate means (e.g., substance abuse, homelessness).
  • Rebellion: Rejecting both the goals and means and substituting new ones.

Interactionist Perspective on Deviance

  • Interactionist perspectives focus on how interactions with others shape our understanding of deviance.
  • Labelling theory, developed by Edwin Lemert, suggests that being labelled as a deviant can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, whereby individuals internalize the label and act accordingly.
  • Primary deviance refers to minor acts that are not often noticed.
  • Secondary deviance refers to chronic, repeated acts of deviance.

Conflict Perspective on Deviance

  • The conflict perspective posits that those in power define and control deviance to maintain their dominance.
  • Power structures influence the definition of what is considered deviant and the application of social control measures.
  • Different groups are often targeted for deviancy labels based on their social status.

Feminist Perspective

  • Feminist perspectives emphasize how gender roles and societal expectations affect definitions of deviance.
  • Gendered experiences of deviance differ between men and women.
  • Social norms often disadvantage women.

Postmodern Perspective

  • Postmodern perspectives acknowledge the plurality of perspectives on deviance.
  • Deviancy is perceived and constructed differently in varying sociocultural contexts.

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Description

Explore the Functionalist Perspective on Deviance and Merton's Strain Theory in this quiz. Understand how social structures influence deviant behavior and the adaptations individuals make in response to social strain. Test your knowledge on concepts including anomie, conformity, and innovation.

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