Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of stereotypes?
What is the primary characteristic of stereotypes?
What does in-group bias refer to?
What does in-group bias refer to?
Out-group homogeneity can lead to which of the following outcomes?
Out-group homogeneity can lead to which of the following outcomes?
Which of the following best describes the impact of subconscious activation of stereotypes?
Which of the following best describes the impact of subconscious activation of stereotypes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one common effect of out-group bias?
What is one common effect of out-group bias?
Signup and view all the answers
What mechanism might individuals use to justify prejudices against others from different groups?
What mechanism might individuals use to justify prejudices against others from different groups?
Signup and view all the answers
How does reflective journaling help understand stereotypes?
How does reflective journaling help understand stereotypes?
Signup and view all the answers
Cognitive biases can significantly affect behavior perception by:
Cognitive biases can significantly affect behavior perception by:
Signup and view all the answers
Which strategy is effective in counteracting stereotype threat?
Which strategy is effective in counteracting stereotype threat?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary outcome of the Robber's Cave study when cooperative tasks were introduced?
What was the primary outcome of the Robber's Cave study when cooperative tasks were introduced?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Frustration-Aggression Theory, aggression is a result of what primary factor?
According to Frustration-Aggression Theory, aggression is a result of what primary factor?
Signup and view all the answers
How can awareness and education effectively contribute to reducing prejudice?
How can awareness and education effectively contribute to reducing prejudice?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does intergroup contact play in reducing prejudice?
What role does intergroup contact play in reducing prejudice?
Signup and view all the answers
Aggression is primarily categorized into which two types?
Aggression is primarily categorized into which two types?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic best describes aggression?
What characteristic best describes aggression?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following methods can help reduce aggression?
Which of the following methods can help reduce aggression?
Signup and view all the answers
What term refers to the alteration of behavioral expectations based on group affiliations, potentially leading to self-fulfilling prophecies?
What term refers to the alteration of behavioral expectations based on group affiliations, potentially leading to self-fulfilling prophecies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cognitive bias may lead individuals to misinterpret behaviors based on their preconceived notions about a group?
Which cognitive bias may lead individuals to misinterpret behaviors based on their preconceived notions about a group?
Signup and view all the answers
What mechanism allows individuals to categorize exceptions to stereotypes, often leading to the reinforcement of the overall stereotype?
What mechanism allows individuals to categorize exceptions to stereotypes, often leading to the reinforcement of the overall stereotype?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of bias influences the assessment of a candidate in a job interview based on stereotypes related to their group identity?
Which type of bias influences the assessment of a candidate in a job interview based on stereotypes related to their group identity?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of construal levels influences how people perceive group-related behaviors in different contexts?
What aspect of construal levels influences how people perceive group-related behaviors in different contexts?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bias can result in underestimating the abilities of individuals belonging to a stereotyped group?
What type of bias can result in underestimating the abilities of individuals belonging to a stereotyped group?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phenomenon can occur when the success of a well-known individual leads people to temporarily revise their stereotypes, but may not change underlying biases?
Which phenomenon can occur when the success of a well-known individual leads people to temporarily revise their stereotypes, but may not change underlying biases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes how motivation can play a role in the maintenance of stereotypes and group biases?
Which of the following best describes how motivation can play a role in the maintenance of stereotypes and group biases?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Aggression
- Aggression is defined as an intentional act to hurt another person.
- Aggression can be prosocial (socially acceptable) or hostile (intended to harm).
- Prosocial aggression is often in sanctioned contexts such as sports.
- Hostile aggression is an act aimed at hurting another person without a specific goal.
- Instrumental aggression is used as a means to an end without necessarily harming the other person.
Situational Determinants of Aggression
- External factors that contribute to aggressive behavior, leading to escalation.
- These factors include frustration (blocked goals), provocation, physiological arousal (e.g., heat, noise), and environmental cues (e.g., presence of weapons).
- These situations can quickly escalate into violence, similar to how an uncontrolled fire can consume a forest.
Construal Processes and Aggression
- How individuals perceive and interpret situations, affecting aggressive behavior.
- Negative interpretations of situations increase aggression while more positive interpretations reduce aggressive behavior.
- Perceptions of threat or provocation increase aggression levels.
- Self-awareness through cameras can reduce aggression.
Culture and Aggression
- Cultural norms and values shape the perception and expression of aggressive behavior.
- Cultures of honor, for instance, prioritize reputation and are more likely to respond aggressively to perceived insults.
- Cultures that emphasize gender equality show lower rates of violence.
Evolution and Aggression
- Evolutionary pressures can influence aggressive tendencies, particularly in males, due to reproductive strategies, social status, or resource competition.
- Evolutionary perspectives offer insights into competitive behaviors and violence across gender.
Conflict and Peacemaking
- Conflict arises from different factors, including social, cultural, and evolutionary.
- Techniques for addressing the causes of conflict and promoting peacemaking include cooperation, communication, and reconciliation.
- Strategies for resolving conflicts include understanding biases, considering multiple perspectives, and employing complex reasoning.
Media Violence
- Exposure to media violence (video games, films, music) can increase aggressive behavior, thoughts, and potentially desensitize individuals to violence.
- Exposure to violence, particularly of groups the viewer identifies with, can increase aggressive behavior.
- The effect of media violence can be influenced by psychological factors such as identification with violent characters and normalization of violence.
Alcohol and Aggression
- Alcohol consumption reduces inhibitions and impairs judgment, making individuals more prone to aggression.
- Alcohol can lead to increased aggressive behavior and potentially more violent outcomes due to decreased self-control.
Heat and Aggression
- Higher temperatures are associated with increased aggression and violence due to increased arousal and irritability.
Social Rejection and Aggression
- Social rejection can activate a threat response, leading to stress, anxiety, and aggression.
- Chronic rejection may lead to aggressive behaviors.
Dehumanization
- Dehumanization occurs when individuals perceive others as less human, making it easier to justify aggressive behavior and potentially reducing empathy and moral concerns.
- Dehumanization is often used to justify violence against groups considered less human and it is linked to a wider range of prejudices and discrimination.
Just-World Beliefs
- The assumption that people get what they deserve, can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
- This can cause individuals to blame vulnerable groups for their situations and potentially justify harsh treatment or violence.
Stereotype Threat
- Stereotype threat occurs when individuals are aware of negative stereotypes about their group, which can negatively affect their performance and self-confidence.
- Individuals perform less well, and potentially more negatively, when exposed to situations that elicit stereotypes.
- Self affirmation and focus on individual strength can mitigate negative effects of stereotype threat.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Self- fulfilling prophecies occur when an individual's expectations about another person trigger and confirm behaviors from the person they expect to be aggressive.
- The individual can enact expectations of behaviors and responses from the other person they expect to be aggressive in such a way to elicit aggressive responses matching their expectations.
Mitigating Information and Aggression
- Prior knowledge about a person's situation can lead to understanding the reasons behind their aggressive behavior, reduce reactive aggression, and allow the individual to take a more empathetic approach.
- Such context and information allow for construals that reduce aggression and allow a more nuanced understanding of individual's circumstances.
Excitation Transfer Theory
- Emotional arousal and excitement can spill over from one situation to another, influencing behavior in unrelated situations. Arousing situations can increase the likelihood of aggressive responses.
- If the person does not recognize the cause of their aggression arousal, this can lead to misattribution of arousal and unnecessary conflict.
Misattribution of Arousal
- Incorrectly attributing emotional arousal or excitement to the wrong source can lead to aggressive responses in individuals.
- This misperception often stems from a lack of self-awareness about the true cause of their feelings, leading to inaccurate judgments and unnecessary conflict.
Construal Processes
- The interpretation and perception of situations or stimuli which can dramatically influence aggression.
- Misconstruals can polarize conflicts by exaggerating perceptions of opposition and can escalate conflicts through simplistic reasoning.
Categorization
- Categorization of groups leads to in-group favoritism. These behaviors and the perception of differences between groups or individuals can increase conflict and aggression behavior.
Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice involves negative attitudes toward individuals due to group membership.
- Discrimination involves negative behaviors toward an individual due to their group membership.
- Prejudice often emerges from stereotypes and biases, perpetuating hostile behavior toward other groups and individuals.
Categorization
- Individuals categorize groups which can create in-group bias. These biases can create a tendency toward in-group favoritism.
- In-group favoritism contributes to out-group discrimination and can increase conflicts and aggression between groups.
Contact Hypothesis
- Increasing contact and interaction between groups can reduce prejudice and discrimination.
- This is evidenced in studies of groups that have had contact such as in the military.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores different aspects of aggression, including its definitions, types, and situational determinants. It also examines construal processes that influence aggressive behavior. Test your understanding of how external factors and interpretations can escalate aggression.
