Questions and Answers
What type of aggression is primarily seen in sports and involves harming someone to achieve a different goal?
Hostile aggression is intended only to harm the person without any other goals.
True
Name one biological influence that is associated with aggression.
Neural influences
Frustration-Aggression Theory suggests that frustration increases the likelihood of ______.
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Match the type of aggression with its description:
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Which of the following is a biochemical factor that can enhance aggression?
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According to the instinct theory, aggressive behavior is learned through experience.
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What is one of the primary emotions associated with hostile aggression?
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What is the term for directing frustration at a more acceptable target rather than the source?
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According to the revised Frustration-Aggression Theory, justified frustration is likely to lead to aggression.
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What are the two types of deprivation mentioned in the theory?
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According to the Frustration-Aggression Theory, unjustified frustration leads to _____ and aggression cues.
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Which of the following increases the likelihood of aggression according to the theory?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What explanation does Baumeister's Threatened Egotism Model provide regarding aggression?
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Deprivation is synonymous with frustration.
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Study Notes
Aggression Overview
- Aggression is behavior aimed at causing social or physical harm, characterized by intentionality.
Types of Aggression
- Hostile Aggression: Arises from anger, purely intended to harm the individual.
- Instrumental Aggression: Aimed at achieving a goal beyond harm; common in sports, and includes wars and terrorist attacks.
- Physical Aggression: Involves direct harm to someone's body.
- Social Aggression: Encompasses behaviors like bullying, cyberbullying, and gossip.
Theories of Aggression
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Biological Influences:
- Rousseau attributes societal constructs to evils of aggression.
- Hobbes suggests society restrains inherent brutish tendencies.
- Instinct Theory: Proposed by Freud, posits that aggressive drives are innate and require discharge; criticized for ignoring cultural differences.
- Neural Influences: Aggression linked to brain structures such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex.
- Genetic Influences: Heredity affects sensitivity to aggressive cues; genetic predisposition does not equate to inevitable aggression.
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Biochemical Influences:
- Alcohol consumption reduces self-awareness, increasing aggressive responses to provocation.
- High alcohol use correlates with domestic violence.
- Elevated testosterone levels are associated with increased aggression.
Frustration and Aggression
- Frustration: Occurs when goals are obstructed; leads to likelihood of aggression.
- Frustration-Aggression Theory: Suggests frustration can lead to aggression, which may manifest towards a more acceptable target through displacement.
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Mediation Factors:
- Aggression more probable if frustration arises unexpectedly or when goals seem attainable.
- Berkowitz's revision emphasizes interpretation: was the frustration intentional, avoidable, or understandable?
Deprivation vs. Frustration
- Deprivation: Lacking something desirable; may not yield frustration unless perceived as unfair.
- Relative Deprivation: Leads to a sense of injustice and aggression; communities with income gaps report lower happiness and higher crime.
Threatened Egotism Model
- Proposed by Baumeister, explains that negative evaluations and criticism can trigger aggressive responses.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore the complexities of aggression in this quiz based on Chapter 9. Learn about different types of aggression, including hostile, instrumental, and physical aggression. Understand the intentionality behind aggressive behaviors and their implications in social and physical contexts.
