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Questions and Answers
What triggers an increase in hunger when body weight falls below the set point?
What triggers an increase in hunger when body weight falls below the set point?
How does cultural influence shape individual eating preferences?
How does cultural influence shape individual eating preferences?
What primarily accounts for maintaining energy balance after becoming overweight?
What primarily accounts for maintaining energy balance after becoming overweight?
Which environmental factor is linked to increased appetite?
Which environmental factor is linked to increased appetite?
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What psychological factors can affect hunger levels?
What psychological factors can affect hunger levels?
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Which theory emphasizes the role of unlearned behavior stemming from innate origins?
Which theory emphasizes the role of unlearned behavior stemming from innate origins?
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What is the primary focus of Drive Reduction Theory?
What is the primary focus of Drive Reduction Theory?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of homeostasis in motivation?
Which of the following best describes the concept of homeostasis in motivation?
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According to the Optimum Arousal Hypothesis, how do people typically react when stimulation is too low?
According to the Optimum Arousal Hypothesis, how do people typically react when stimulation is too low?
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Which component is NOT considered part of Freud's theory of motivation?
Which component is NOT considered part of Freud's theory of motivation?
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What is the role of internal needs in the context of motivation?
What is the role of internal needs in the context of motivation?
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How does the Optimum Arousal Hypothesis explain excessive engagement in thrill-seeking activities?
How does the Optimum Arousal Hypothesis explain excessive engagement in thrill-seeking activities?
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Which of the following statements about motivation is true?
Which of the following statements about motivation is true?
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Which need is associated with acceptance and belonging?
Which need is associated with acceptance and belonging?
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What physiological factor primarily triggers hunger by being secreted by the empty stomach?
What physiological factor primarily triggers hunger by being secreted by the empty stomach?
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Which of the following hormones is responsible for controlling blood glucose levels?
Which of the following hormones is responsible for controlling blood glucose levels?
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What term refers to the 'weight thermostat' that regulates an individual's body weight?
What term refers to the 'weight thermostat' that regulates an individual's body weight?
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Which factor indicates the need to replenish energy by triggering hunger?
Which factor indicates the need to replenish energy by triggering hunger?
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What type of motivation is the desire to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential categorized as?
What type of motivation is the desire to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential categorized as?
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Which hormone is responsible for signaling fullness to the brain?
Which hormone is responsible for signaling fullness to the brain?
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The drive for esteem includes all of the following EXCEPT:
The drive for esteem includes all of the following EXCEPT:
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What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in hunger regulation?
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in hunger regulation?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a physiological factor affecting hunger?
Which of the following is NOT considered a physiological factor affecting hunger?
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What is the primary role of primary reinforcers in motivation?
What is the primary role of primary reinforcers in motivation?
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Which statement best describes intrinsic motivation?
Which statement best describes intrinsic motivation?
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In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which level is concerned with the basics of survival?
In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which level is concerned with the basics of survival?
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What happens when a need is satisfied according to Maslow's theory?
What happens when a need is satisfied according to Maslow's theory?
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Which of the following statements about intermittent reinforcement is true?
Which of the following statements about intermittent reinforcement is true?
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Which type of need is categorized under 'Safety Needs'?
Which type of need is categorized under 'Safety Needs'?
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In the context of motivation theories, what does 'avoid punishment' suggest?
In the context of motivation theories, what does 'avoid punishment' suggest?
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Which characteristic is essential for needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Which characteristic is essential for needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
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What is a common misconception about primary reinforcers?
What is a common misconception about primary reinforcers?
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What is the significance of the term 'psychological needs' in Maslow's model?
What is the significance of the term 'psychological needs' in Maslow's model?
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What is the primary reason why people continue to eat the same amount of food after becoming overweight?
What is the primary reason why people continue to eat the same amount of food after becoming overweight?
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Which of the following factors is associated with an increase in hunger due to environmental influences?
Which of the following factors is associated with an increase in hunger due to environmental influences?
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Which aspect of motivation is primarily influenced by cultural factors?
Which aspect of motivation is primarily influenced by cultural factors?
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How does sleep loss affect appetite regulation?
How does sleep loss affect appetite regulation?
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What is the term used to describe the body's baseline energy expenditure needed for basic functions?
What is the term used to describe the body's baseline energy expenditure needed for basic functions?
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What primary concept does the Optimum Arousal Hypothesis propose about human behavior?
What primary concept does the Optimum Arousal Hypothesis propose about human behavior?
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Which theory posits that behaviors arise from innate drives and biological factors?
Which theory posits that behaviors arise from innate drives and biological factors?
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory of motivation primarily points to which of the following as key motivators?
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of motivation primarily points to which of the following as key motivators?
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What does Drive Reduction Theory primarily focus on regarding human motivation?
What does Drive Reduction Theory primarily focus on regarding human motivation?
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In the context of homeostasis, what role do survival motives play?
In the context of homeostasis, what role do survival motives play?
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What connection does the Drive Reduction Theory make between physiological needs and behaviors?
What connection does the Drive Reduction Theory make between physiological needs and behaviors?
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Which concept best describes how individuals are motivated when stimulation is either too high or too low?
Which concept best describes how individuals are motivated when stimulation is either too high or too low?
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According to the theories of motivation, what motivates behaviors beyond internal drives?
According to the theories of motivation, what motivates behaviors beyond internal drives?
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Which need level in Maslow's hierarchy is primarily focused on the need to feel loved and accepted?
Which need level in Maslow's hierarchy is primarily focused on the need to feel loved and accepted?
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Which hormone is released by the empty stomach and signals the brain that it is time to eat?
Which hormone is released by the empty stomach and signals the brain that it is time to eat?
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What role does leptin play in the regulation of hunger?
What role does leptin play in the regulation of hunger?
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At what level of Maslow's hierarchy does the need for self-actualization occur?
At what level of Maslow's hierarchy does the need for self-actualization occur?
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What physiological factor is directly involved in the sensation of hunger when glucose levels are low?
What physiological factor is directly involved in the sensation of hunger when glucose levels are low?
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Which level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy is characterized by self-esteem and recognition from others?
Which level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy is characterized by self-esteem and recognition from others?
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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the context of hunger?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the context of hunger?
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Which factor is responsible for maintaining energy homeostasis in the body?
Which factor is responsible for maintaining energy homeostasis in the body?
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Which hormone is secreted by fat cells and helps to regulate energy balance?
Which hormone is secreted by fat cells and helps to regulate energy balance?
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What does the self-transcendence need in Maslow's hierarchy entail?
What does the self-transcendence need in Maslow's hierarchy entail?
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What is the primary difference between primary reinforcers and other reinforcers in motivation theory?
What is the primary difference between primary reinforcers and other reinforcers in motivation theory?
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According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what happens to needs after they are satisfied?
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what happens to needs after they are satisfied?
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Which of the following is an example of a psychological need in Maslow's hierarchy?
Which of the following is an example of a psychological need in Maslow's hierarchy?
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What effect does intermittent reinforcement have on behavior according to motivation theory?
What effect does intermittent reinforcement have on behavior according to motivation theory?
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Which category of needs is considered the most fundamental in Maslow's hierarchy?
Which category of needs is considered the most fundamental in Maslow's hierarchy?
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In motivation theory, what is regarded as a key characteristic of intrinsic motivation?
In motivation theory, what is regarded as a key characteristic of intrinsic motivation?
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How do learned reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in terms of motivation?
How do learned reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in terms of motivation?
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What type of problems may arise from failure to satisfy safety needs according to Maslow?
What type of problems may arise from failure to satisfy safety needs according to Maslow?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of primary reinforcers?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of primary reinforcers?
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What is suggested by the term 'avoid punishment' in the context of motivation?
What is suggested by the term 'avoid punishment' in the context of motivation?
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Study Notes
Motivation Lecture Objectives
- Students are expected to learn what motivation is
- The lecture will cover theories of motivation
- A type of motivation - hunger
- Types of motivation - belongingness and work
What is Motivation?
- Motivation is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
- It propels individuals to act in specific ways.
- Motivation is experienced as a conscious desire.
Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory
- Influenced by Charles Darwin.
- Focuses on internal or biological factors.
- Unlearned behaviors or innate origins drive actions.
Freud - Psychoanalysis
- Motivation stems from drives or instincts, including:
- Sexual drive (erotic component of mental activity)
- Aggressive drive (destructive component of mental activity)
Drive Reduction Theory
- Popular in the 1940s and 1950s.
- Key beliefs centre around physiological needs (e.g., food, water), tension states (e.g., hunger, thirst), and drive-reducing behaviors (e.g., eating, drinking).
Homeostasis
- Involves maintaining a balanced and constant internal state (chemical/physiological).
- Many survival motives, like regulating temperature and thirst operate according to homeostasis.
- External incentives are also involved besides internal needs.
Optimum Arousal Hypothesis
- People seek ideal levels of arousal.
- Low stimulation prompts individuals to seek more stimulation.
- Excessive arousal leads to a desire for less stimulation.
Learning Theory
- Motivation is influenced by rewarding behaviors (positive reinforcers) and avoiding unpleasant outcomes (punishment).
- Primary reinforcers, such as sex and food, are not dependent on prior learning.
Intrinsic Motivation
- Some tasks are inherently motivating.
- Individuals act purely for the pleasure and satisfaction they get from the task, rather than any external rewards.
Hierarchy of Motives (Maslow)
- A hierarchical arrangement of human needs.
- Basic physiological needs, like food and shelter, must be met before higher-order needs are pursued.
- Failure to satisfy needs leads to psychological or physical problems.
Specific Needs
Level 1: Physiological Needs
- Fundamental needs, including the absence of hunger and thirst.
Level 2: Safety Needs
- Security, stability, and predictability in the environment; e.g., a home.
Level 3: Belongingness and Love Needs
- Desire for connection, love, acceptance, and belonging to avoid loneliness and alienation.
Level 4: Need for Esteem
- Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, recognition, and respect from others.
Level 5: Need for Self-actualization
- Fulfilling one's potential and achieving uniqueness.
Level 6: Self-Transcendence Needs
- Finding purpose and meaning beyond the self.
Types of Motivation - Hunger
Physiological Factors
- Multiple systems control appetite.
- The hypothalamus plays a central role, directing endocrine responses and monitoring hunger.
- Taste, texture, and hormones, as well as the endocrine system, are all involved.
- Damage to these systems can dramatically affect eating habits.
Glucose
- Glucose provides energy for body tissues; low levels induce hunger.
- Hormones regulate glucose levels, including insulin and leptin.
Orexin
- Secreted by the hypothalamus to trigger hunger and regulate appetite.
Grehlin
- Secreted by the empty stomach to signal the need to eat.
Peptide Tyrosine (PYY)
- A signal that one is "full".
Homeostasis
- Energy homeostasis, whereby individuals eat to maintain and replenish energy levels, is important.
Set Point
- Individuals have a "weight thermostat", which influences hunger and metabolism. It is determined by the hypothalamus and can regulate body weight.
Basal Metabolic Rate
- The body's resting energy expenditure.
Cultural Factors
- Cultural norms influence food preferences and portion sizes.
Psychological Factors
- Stress, mood, feelings, sight, smell and variety of foods can affect appetite.
Environmental Factors
- Sleep deprivation, social influences, lifestyles, and access to food all impact hunger.
Obesity
- Occurs when calorie intake exceeds energy expenditure.
- Various factors such as genetics, metabolic rates, and psychological factors play a role.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of motivation and its pivotal theories. Students will learn about instinct theory, Freud's psychoanalysis, and drive reduction theory, alongside specific types of motivation like hunger and belongingness. Understanding these theories is essential for grasping human behavior.
