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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is motivation?
What is motivation?
Wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.
What is intrinsic motivation?
What is intrinsic motivation?
Motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.
What is extrinsic motivation?
What is extrinsic motivation?
Motivation that arises from external factors or rewards.
What is an instinct?
What is an instinct?
What does drive-reduction theory explain?
What does drive-reduction theory explain?
What is a habit?
What is a habit?
What does Yerkes-Dodson theory suggest about task performance?
What does Yerkes-Dodson theory suggest about task performance?
What is the hierarchy of needs?
What is the hierarchy of needs?
What does satiation refer to?
What does satiation refer to?
What is leptin?
What is leptin?
What is metabolic rate?
What is metabolic rate?
What does set-point theory assert?
What does set-point theory assert?
What is obesity?
What is obesity?
What does overweight refer to?
What does overweight refer to?
What defines an obese individual?
What defines an obese individual?
What is morbid obesity?
What is morbid obesity?
What does BMI stand for?
What does BMI stand for?
What is bariatric surgery?
What is bariatric surgery?
What is Prader-Willi syndrome?
What is Prader-Willi syndrome?
What characterizes bulimia nervosa?
What characterizes bulimia nervosa?
What is binge eating disorder?
What is binge eating disorder?
What defines anorexia nervosa?
What defines anorexia nervosa?
What is a distorted body image?
What is a distorted body image?
What are eating disorders?
What are eating disorders?
What regulates sexual motivation?
What regulates sexual motivation?
What is sexual strategies theory?
What is sexual strategies theory?
What are male sex hormones?
What are male sex hormones?
What are female sex hormones?
What are female sex hormones?
What does sexual orientation refer to?
What does sexual orientation refer to?
What is the Kinsey scale used for?
What is the Kinsey scale used for?
What are the phases of the sexual response cycle?
What are the phases of the sexual response cycle?
What is the refractory period?
What is the refractory period?
What is transgender hormone therapy?
What is transgender hormone therapy?
What defines emotion?
What defines emotion?
What are the components of emotion?
What are the components of emotion?
What does James-Lange theory propose?
What does James-Lange theory propose?
What is Cannon-Bard theory?
What is Cannon-Bard theory?
What does Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion explain?
What does Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion explain?
What is a polygraph?
What is a polygraph?
What does Lazarus cognitive-mediational theory suggest?
What does Lazarus cognitive-mediational theory suggest?
What is the limbic system responsible for?
What is the limbic system responsible for?
What role does the hypothalamus play in emotional reactions?
What role does the hypothalamus play in emotional reactions?
What is the function of the thalamus?
What is the function of the thalamus?
What is the main function of the amygdala?
What is the main function of the amygdala?
What does the hippocampus integrate?
What does the hippocampus integrate?
What is the basolateral complex involved in?
What is the basolateral complex involved in?
What does the central nucleus regulate?
What does the central nucleus regulate?
What is Hans Selye's response-based definition of stress?
What is Hans Selye's response-based definition of stress?
What is stress defined as?
What is stress defined as?
What is primary appraisal in stress responses?
What is primary appraisal in stress responses?
What is secondary appraisal?
What is secondary appraisal?
What is health psychology?
What is health psychology?
What is Selye's general adaptation syndrome?
What is Selye's general adaptation syndrome?
What are psychophysiological disorders?
What are psychophysiological disorders?
What is immunosuppression?
What is immunosuppression?
What is psychoneuroimmunology?
What is psychoneuroimmunology?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Motivation
- Motivation is the driving force behind behaviors aimed at achieving specific goals or fulfilling needs.
- Intrinsic motivation originates from internal satisfaction or personal interest, while extrinsic motivation is influenced by external rewards or factors.
Theories of Motivation
- Drive-Reduction Theory suggests physiological needs lead to psychological drive states, prompting behavior to regain homeostasis.
- Yerkes-Dodson Theory posits that optimal arousal levels vary depending on task complexity—simple tasks require high arousal, while complex tasks benefit from lower arousal.
Needs and Satiation
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs outlines a spectrum ranging from basic biological necessities to self-actualization.
- Leptin is a hormone that signals fullness, playing a role in the regulation of hunger.
Body Weight and Obesity
- Set-point theory claims individuals maintain a natural weight range resistant to change.
- Definitions of body weight classifications:
- Overweight: BMI of 25-29.9
- Obese: BMI of 30 and above
- Morbid obesity: BMI over 40, posing a high risk of death.
Eating Disorders
- Prader-Willi Syndrome is characterized by insatiable hunger and low metabolism.
- Types of eating disorders include:
- Bulimia nervosa—binge eating followed by purging.
- Binge eating disorder—similar to bulimia but without purging behaviors and includes distress.
- Anorexia nervosa—persistent starvation leading to significantly low body weight.
- Distorted body image may lead individuals, particularly those with anorexia nervosa, to see themselves as overweight when they are not.
Sexual Motivation
- Sexual motivation involves the limbic system, particularly structures like the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, which regulate the drive for sexual activity.
- Sexual strategies theory indicates differing mating strategies between men and women due to distinct adaptive challenges.
Hormones and Sexual Orientation
- Male sex hormones include androgens such as testosterone; female sex hormones encompass oestrogens like estradiol.
- Sexual orientation refers to an individual's emotional and erotic attraction to others, often categorized using the Kinsey scale.
The Sexual Response Cycle
- The sexual response cycle consists of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
- A refractory period is the recovery time after orgasm during which another orgasm is not possible.
Emotion
- Emotions are subjective experiences accompanied by physiological responses and cognitive assessments.
- The James-Lange Theory suggests emotions are the result of physiological arousal, while Cannon-Bard Theory claims they occur simultaneously.
Theories of Emotion
- Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory states that emotions are based on both physiological and cognitive factors.
- Lazarus’ cognitive-mediational theory highlights that emotional responses depend on individual appraisals of stimuli.
The Brain and Emotion
- The limbic system, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus, governs emotional processing and memory.
- The hypothalamus influences emotional reactions and sympathetic nervous system activation, while the amygdala processes emotional information.
Stress
- Stress is defined as a response to perceived threats or overwhelming events.
- Primary appraisal assesses the potential harm of a stressor, whereas secondary appraisal involves evaluating coping options and their effectiveness.
- Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome describes the body's stress response in three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
Health Psychology
- Health psychology focuses on psychological influences on health and responses to illness.
- Psychoneuroimmunology studies the interplay of psychological factors, stress, and immune function, including the concept of immunosuppression, which makes individuals more vulnerable to health issues.
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