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Questions and Answers
What does instinct theory emphasize?
What does instinct theory emphasize?
- External stimuli
- Physiological needs
- Attributions and expectations
- Inborn, genetic factors in motivation (correct)
What is drive-reduction theory?
What is drive-reduction theory?
Motivation begins with a physiological need that elicits a drive toward behavior to satisfy that need.
Optimal arousal theory suggests that organisms are motivated to avoid all forms of arousal.
Optimal arousal theory suggests that organisms are motivated to avoid all forms of arousal.
False (B)
What is incentive theory?
What is incentive theory?
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Cognitive theory focuses on which of the following?
Cognitive theory focuses on which of the following?
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What does the hierarchy of needs theory propose?
What does the hierarchy of needs theory propose?
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Study Notes
Instinct Theory
- Emphasizes genetic and inborn factors as primary motivators of behavior.
- Suggests that behaviors are inherent and can be seen across different species.
Drive-Reduction Theory
- Proposes that motivation starts with a physiological need (e.g., hunger, thirst).
- A drive is created to motivate behavior aimed at satisfying the need.
- Once the need is met, homeostasis is restored, resulting in decreased motivation.
Optimal Arousal
- Suggests that organisms have a preferred level of arousal they seek to maintain.
- Too much or too little arousal can lead to motivational shifts in behavior.
Incentive Theory
- Argues that external stimuli influence motivation by "pulling" individuals toward certain actions.
- Motivational drives are shaped by anticipated rewards or outcomes.
Cognitive Theory
- Highlights the role of personal interpretation and thought processes in motivation.
- Focuses on how attributions and expectations affect our understanding of actions, both personal and others'.
Hierarchy of Needs
- Developed by Maslow, this theory proposes that lower-level needs (such as physiological needs) must be fulfilled before higher-level needs (like social and self-actualization) are pursued.
- The hierarchy is often depicted as a pyramid, with foundational needs at the base.
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