Motivation Theories
144 Questions
7 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

How does the drive-reduction theory explain motivation?

  • It proposes that individuals are driven by a hierarchy of needs, progressing from self-actualization to basic physiological requirements.
  • It posits that individuals are motivated to maintain a state of constant arousal, seeking stimulation even when basic needs are met.
  • It suggests that physiological needs create a drive to reduce the need and maintain homeostasis. (correct)
  • It argues that motivation stems primarily from external incentives rather than internal states of need.

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between arousal and performance?

  • Arousal has no significant impact on performance; only skill level determines the outcome.
  • Performance improves with arousal up to a point, beyond which further arousal impairs performance. (correct)
  • Increased arousal always leads to improved performance, regardless of the task's complexity.
  • Optimal performance is achieved when arousal is minimized, ensuring a calm and focused state.

Which of the following is the correct order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy, starting from the base?

  • Safety, physiological, esteem, self-actualization, love/belonging.
  • Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization. (correct)
  • Esteem, self-actualization, love/belonging, safety, physiological.
  • Self-actualization, esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological.

How does the hypothalamus contribute to hunger regulation?

<p>It integrates neural and hormonal signals related to body state and blood chemistry to control appetite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)?

<p>Preventing hunger. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas and controls blood glucose levels, leading to a decrease in appetite?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by an empty stomach and sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain?

<p>Ghrelin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does leptin, a protein hormone secreted by fat cells, have on hunger and metabolism?

<p>Decreases hunger and increases metabolism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prioritizing close relationships contribute to happiness, according to the text?

<p>It reduces the need for superficial interactions and fosters deeper connections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might faith communities contribute to increased happiness among their members?

<p>They provide a supportive network, a focus beyond oneself, and a sense of purpose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does taking control of one's time contribute to increased happiness levels?

<p>It creates a sense of agency and accomplishment through goal setting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between happy and unhappy people in social interactions?

<p>Happy people engage in more meaningful conversations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is prioritizing sleep crucial for enhancing overall well-being and happiness?

<p>It prevents sleep debt, which causes fatigue, diminished alertness, and gloomy moods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'flow' experiences in enhancing happiness, as described in the text?

<p>They engage one's skills in tasks that challenge but don't overwhelm, fostering a sense of absorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does expressing gratitude to others contribute to personal well-being and happiness?

<p>It fosters stronger social connections and enhances positive emotions in both parties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant difference in happiness levels between Friday/Saturday and the other days of the week?

<p>Weekends typically involve more autonomy and enjoyable activities, boosting positive moods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text suggest that buying shared experiences leads to greater happiness than buying material possessions?

<p>Shared experiences foster social connections and create lasting memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying principle behind 'acting happy' to improve one's state of mind?

<p>External expressions can influence internal feelings and create a positive feedback loop. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the most significant impact of consistent sleep deprivation on weight management?

<p>Decreased leptin and increased ghrelin levels, fueling appetite and hindering fat level communication to the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of others most significantly influence our eating habits, based on the concept of social facilitation?

<p>It amplifies our natural behavioral tendencies, often leading to overconsumption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome demonstrates how 'grit' most effectively surpasses intelligence in achieving long-term academic success?

<p>A student with unwavering self-discipline excels in attendance and graduation honors, despite average intelligence test scores. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do significant life changes primarily act to influence overall stress levels experienced by an individual?

<p>They can be stressful as they require adaptation, irrespective of their positive or negative nature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process explains how a strong social support network most effectively buffers against the detrimental effects of stress on overall health?

<p>It promotes feelings of encouragement and being liked, thus enhancing happiness and health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does regular aerobic exercise most comprehensively contribute to mitigating the effects of stress and enhancing mental well-being?

<p>It enhances mood, increases energy levels, fosters stronger relationships, and alleviates symptoms of anxiety and depression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mindfulness meditation uniquely impact cognitive functions and overall mental health?

<p>It fosters nonjudgmental awareness, and may improve focus, decision-making, sleep quality, relationships, and immune function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does experiencing happiness subsequently influence one's behavior and interaction with the surrounding world?

<p>It promotes a perception of safety, encourages confidence, facilitates cooperation, and motivates proactive engagement in altruistic behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To what extent does a 'set point' in weight regulation dictate an individual's capacity to maintain long-term weight management?

<p>It represents a regulatory weight range influenced by genetics and environment, where the body resists deviations through hunger and metabolic adjustments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the multifaceted impact of online interactions, how might prolonged engagement in virtual environments affect an individual's real-world social connections and well-being?

<p>It provides a substitute for face-to-face relationships, potentially diminishing real-world connections and support networks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the body mass index (BMI) serve in assessing health risks, and what are its limitations in providing a comprehensive health assessment?

<p>It provides a singular output based on the relation of weight to height to estimate body fat with limited accuracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do catastrophes, as a category of stressors, uniquely influence long-term emotional and physical well-being compared to other stressors?

<p>Due to their unpredictable, large-scale nature, have the potential for significant damage to both emotional and physical health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the distinction between Type A and Type B personalities, how might these traits distinctly mediate an individual's response to chronic stress?

<p>Type A personalities may exhibit increased reactivity, impatience, and hostility, which can exacerbate the physiological impact of stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cultivation of optimistic thinking patterns serve as a protective factor against the detrimental effects of stress on overall well-being?

<p>It fosters resilience and motivates success, thus mitigating the impact of stressors on physical and mental health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'feel-good, do-good phenomenon' most accurately capture the relationship between positive emotions and altruistic behaviors?

<p>Experiencing happiness makes people more likely to perform kind and helpful actions towards others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of homeostasis relate to the drive-reduction theory?

<p>It refers to the body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state, which drives behavior to reduce needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, how does optimal performance relate to arousal levels for complex tasks?

<p>Optimal performance is reached at moderate arousal levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what must occur before an individual can address higher-level needs such as self-esteem?

<p>They must adequately meet their physiological and safety needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is stimulated, which of the following is most likely to occur?

<p>An increase in hunger and food seeking behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of Peptide YY (PYY) on appetite?

<p>It signals 'I’m not hungry' to the brain, reducing appetite. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does orexin, a hormone produced by the hypothalamus, affect hunger?

<p>It triggers hunger, motivating food-seeking behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the set point theory of weight?

<p>A biologically determined standard around which body weight is regulated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of the instinct theory of motivation?

<p>It struggles to explain learned behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might an individual's 'weight thermostat' respond when the body falls below its set point?

<p>By increasing hunger and lowering metabolic rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of others most significantly influence individual eating habits?

<p>It amplifies natural behavior tendencies, often leading to overeating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily mediates the increased risk of obesity associated with sleep loss?

<p>Increased ghrelin and decreased leptin disrupting appetite regulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might technology impact real-world relationships according to the presented information?

<p>Excessive online time can reduce reliance on and support from real-world relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does narcissism manifest in an individual's behavior and self-perception?

<p>Feelings of self-importance, self-focus, and a need to promote oneself. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'grit' most effectively influence long-term achievements?

<p>By surpassing intelligence in predicting academic and professional success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do catastrophes uniquely influence long-term emotional and physical well-being?

<p>They cause significant, lasting damage to emotional and physical health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can cultivation of optimistic thinking patterns serve as a protective factor against stress?

<p>By motivating success and improving overall health through positive expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does regular aerobic exercise contribute to mitigating stress and enhancing mental well-being?

<p>By improving mood, increasing energy, and strengthening relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of mindfulness meditation on cognitive functions?

<p>It may improve concentration, decision making, and interpersonal relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does experiencing happiness subsequently influence one's behavior?

<p>It enhances confidence, decisiveness, and cooperation, promoting prosocial behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does social identity have on an individual's well-being?

<p>It boosts people’s overall health, giving them access to more resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is indicative of a Type A personality?

<p>Verbally aggressive, reactive, and easily angered. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stress and illness?

<p>Stress may make us more vulnerable to illness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'feel-good, do-good phenomenon'?

<p>Experiencing positive emotions makes people more likely to engage in altruistic behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prioritizing shared experiences over material possessions most profoundly enhance long-term happiness?

<p>The anticipation, experience, and recollection of shared moments foster stronger social bonds and lasting positive memories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the concept of 'acting happy,' which psychological mechanism most effectively explains its potential to improve one's actual emotional state?

<p>The physical act of smiling triggers facial feedback mechanisms, sending signals to the brain that influence emotional processing towards positivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the principle of 'focusing beyond self' primarily contribute to an individual's overall happiness and well-being?

<p>By fostering a sense of purpose and meaning in life through altruistic actions, which shifts attention away from self-centered concerns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, how might chronic deprivation of 'love and belonging' needs most significantly impede progression towards self-actualization?

<p>It creates a persistent state of anxiety and insecurity, diverting energy and focus away from personal growth and exploration of potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the role of 'flow' in enhancing happiness, why are passive leisure activities like watching television typically less effective than active engagement in hobbies?

<p>Flow experiences are characterized by focused engagement in challenging tasks that match skill level, which is less common in passive leisure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the practice of consistently expressing gratitude most likely yield sustained improvements in personal well-being?

<p>It shifts attentional focus towards positive aspects of life, fostering a resilient mindset that is less reactive to negative circumstances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical differentiating factor in how happy individuals manage their 'time control' compared to less happy individuals?

<p>Happy individuals prioritize time for activities aligned with their values and goals, fostering a sense of purpose and accomplishment over mere busyness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the impact of social interactions on happiness, what distinguishes the conversations of happy people from those of unhappy people, as indicated by research?

<p>Happy people prioritize deeper, more meaningful conversations over superficial small talk, fostering stronger emotional connections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might consistent prioritization of sleep most effectively contribute to positive well-being, beyond simply alleviating fatigue?

<p>Optimal sleep improves emotional regulation and cognitive functions, fostering resilience to stress and enhancing decision-making abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what fundamental way does cultivating 'positive character' traits contribute to overall happiness, as opposed to merely pursuing pleasurable experiences?

<p>Positive character traits provide a stable foundation for sustained fulfillment and resilience, offering deeper satisfaction than transient pleasures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What foundational aspect of well-being encompasses contentment with the past, joy in the present, and hopeful anticipation for the future?

<p>Positive well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy most effectively leverages social connections to foster increased happiness?

<p>Prioritizing meaningful conversations and nurturing close relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does actively expressing happiness, even when not genuinely felt, potentially influence one's emotional state?

<p>It can create a self-fulfilling prophecy, leading to a happier state of mind. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of activities that induce 'flow,' enhancing happiness?

<p>They optimally engage one's skills without being overwhelming. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prioritizing shared experiences over material possessions influence long-term happiness levels?

<p>Shared experiences create lasting memories and strengthen social bonds, enhancing happiness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does consistent sleep deprivation most profoundly undermine overall happiness and well-being?

<p>It results in fatigue, diminished alertness, and gloomy moods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does setting goals contribute to increased happiness levels?

<p>It fosters a sense of control over one's life, promoting happiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity capitalizes on the bi-directional relationship between happiness and helpfulness?

<p>Reaching out to those in need and performing acts of kindness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does spirituality or faith most profoundly enhance overall well-being and happiness?

<p>By fostering a sense of purpose, community support, and focus beyond self. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of aerobic exercise to promote happiness?

<p>It releases endorphins and promotes health and energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the interplay between nature and nurture primarily influence motivation?

<p>By synergistically shaping and directing behavior, blending innate predispositions with environmental experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately evaluates the limitations of the instinct theory of motivation?

<p>It struggles to explain behaviors that deviate from rigid, predictable patterns inherent of complex species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body typically respond when internal mechanisms detect a deviation below the 'set point' for a specific physiological variable?

<p>By activating regulatory mechanisms designed to restore the body to its optimal, pre-determined level. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the complexity introduced by the Yerkes-Dodson Law, how might a professional athlete optimize their arousal levels before a major competition?

<p>By aiming for a moderate level of arousal that is tailored to the athlete's familiarity and skill level with the task. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the interplay between the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) contribute to the regulation of hunger and satiety?

<p>The LH and VMH have opposing effects; the LH stimulates hunger, while the VMH suppresses it, maintaining caloric balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complex, long-term effect might result from chronic disruption to the normal function of appetite-regulating hormones such as insulin, leptin, and ghrelin?

<p>Permanent recalibration of the body's 'set point,' making sustained weight management significantly more challenging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To what extent does Maslow's hierarchy of needs reflect universal human motivation across diverse cultures and socio-economic contexts?

<p>It provides a general framework that is subject to cultural and individual variations in the prioritization and expression of needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evaluating the drive-reduction theory, what challenge arises when considering behaviors such as extreme sports or thrill-seeking activities?

<p>These behaviors inherently contradict the theory, indicating that humans sometimes seek to increase rather than decrease arousal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'set point' influence weight management when the body drops below its set weight?

<p>Hunger increases and metabolic rate lowers to conserve energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does watching arousing movies impact eating behavior, based on the information provided?

<p>It doubles snacking compared to non-arousing activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does being around others influence eating habits, according to the text?

<p>It amplifies natural behavior tendencies, often leading to overeating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ghrelin play in the relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity?

<p>It increases appetite, making individuals more prone to overeating. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does decreased leptin release due to sleep loss contribute to weight gain?

<p>It reduces the brain's awareness of body fat levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does having a social identity or feeling part of a group affect health and well-being?

<p>It boosts health and overall well-being. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does spending excessive time online potentially impact real-world relationships?

<p>It can reduce the likelihood of knowing and receiving help from local neighbors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does narcissism typically affect an individual's focus in social settings?

<p>It makes people self-important and self-focused. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In predicting academic success, how does self-discipline (grit) compare to intelligence?

<p>Self-discipline often surpasses intelligence in predicting performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do catastrophes influence emotional and physical health, according to the text?

<p>Damage to emotional and physical health can be significant after such events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a Type A personality typically respond to challenging situations?

<p>By being reactive, competitive, and impatient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does adopting an optimistic outlook on life typically affect stress levels and overall health?

<p>It can reduce stress levels and improve overall health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does having strong social support typically influence one's ability to handle stress?

<p>It promotes both happiness and health, thus lessening stress impact. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effects can relaxation and meditation procedures have on health?

<p>They can help alleviate conditions like headaches, hypertension, and anxiety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspects of life are enhanced by regular aerobic exercise, contributing to overall well-being?

<p>Energy levels, mood, and relationship quality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prioritizing experiences over material possessions contribute to increased happiness levels?

<p>Shared experiences foster stronger social connections and lasting memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur when the body falls below its 'weight thermostat' set point?

<p>Increased hunger and lowered metabolic rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key link between sleep loss and increased vulnerability to obesity?

<p>Increased ghrelin and decreased leptin levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might excessive online interaction particularly affect real-world relationships?

<p>It decreases the likelihood of knowing and relying on local, face-to-face connections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does narcissism typically manifest in an individual’s interpersonal behavior?

<p>By behaving in a self-important, self-focused, and attention-seeking manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In predicting academic success, how does self-discipline, or 'grit,' compare to intelligence?

<p>Self-discipline is a stronger predictor of success than intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do catastrophes uniquely influence long-term emotional and physical well-being compared to other stressors?

<p>Catastrophes cause more significant and lasting damage to emotional and physical health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific health benefits have relaxation and meditation procedures been shown to provide?

<p>Alleviation of headaches, hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What broader aspects of life are enhanced by regular aerobic exercise, contributing to overall well-being?

<p>Improved energy levels, mood, and relationship strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'feel-good, do-good phenomenon', how does happiness subsequently influence one's behavior?

<p>It makes people more likely to engage in altruistic and helpful behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of mindfulness practices on mental and emotional well-being?

<p>Reduced anxiety and depression, improved sleep, and enhanced relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does social identity play in an individual's overall well-being?

<p>It boosts health and well-being through the sense of belonging and group membership. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Yerkes-Dodson law explain the correlation between arousal and task efficiency for particularly difficult tasks?

<p>Maximum efficiency occurs at a moderate arousal level, balancing focus and preventing overstimulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within Maslow's hierarchy, what is the implication of an individual's prolonged struggle with unmet safety needs on their capacity for self-actualization?

<p>It significantly impedes progress, diverting resources toward basic survival and security. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nuanced interplay between the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) regulate hunger and satiety?

<p>The LH and VMH work antagonistically; the LH stimulates hunger, while the VMH suppresses it, facilitating a balance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complex, long-term consequence might arise from persistent dysregulation of appetite hormones like insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and PYY?

<p>Disrupted feedback loops and desensitization, potentially leading to obesity and metabolic disorders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation when applying Maslow's hierarchy of needs across dramatically different cultural contexts?

<p>The arrangement of needs varies; self-transcendence might precede self-esteem in some cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While evaluating the drive-reduction theory, what poses a conceptual challenge when considering activities like extreme sports or thrill-seeking?

<p>They contradict the theory, because they involve seeking increased arousal rather than reducing drives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the set point theory, how does the body most actively respond when it detects a prolonged caloric deficit that causes weight to dip significantly below the set point?

<p>By initiating adaptive thermogenesis, conserving energy, and intensifying hunger to regain weight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of others most critically influence individual eating habits, extending beyond mere increased consumption due to social facilitation?

<p>Individuals mirror eating behaviors, unconsciously adjusting portions to match those around them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies most effectively cultivates 'positive well-being' by integrating past, present, and future perspectives?

<p>Cultivating satisfaction with the past, happiness in the present, and optimism about the future. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might actively suppressing the outward expression of negative emotions paradoxically affect one's subjective well-being and social interactions?

<p>Potentially diminishing genuine emotional experiences and hindering authentic social connections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the intentional allocation of time for solitude and reflection uniquely contribute to overall happiness?

<p>Providing opportunities for self-assessment, emotional processing, and renewed mental energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might consistently volunteering time to assist disadvantaged populations affect personal happiness levels, and why does this effect occur?

<p>Enhancing personal happiness by fostering a sense of purpose, gratitude, and social connection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could an individual leverage the principle of 'acting happy' to mitigate symptoms of mild depression, while avoiding potential pitfalls?

<p>Employing 'acting happy' as a temporary strategy while addressing underlying issues through therapy or self-reflection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is prioritizing experiences that are actively shared with others more likely to boost lasting happiness compared to solitary pursuits?

<p>Shared experiences foster stronger social bonds, create lasting memories, and enhance feelings of connection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can consistent sleep deprivation critically undermine cognitive functions, and to what extent does this impact overall happiness levels?

<p>Sleep deprivation impairs attention, memory, and emotional regulation, diminishing overall happiness and well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prioritizing activities that induce a state of 'flow' uniquely enhance an individual's overall sense of well-being and life satisfaction?

<p>Flow experiences foster a sense of competence, engagement, and intrinsic reward, leading to heightened well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the multifaceted benefits of aerobic exercise, how does it concurrently contribute to both physical health and psychological well-being?

<p>Aerobic exercise alleviates stress and anxiety through increased health and energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might an individual strategically apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to improve their overall well-being, especially when facing significant life challenges?

<p>Addressing lower-level needs (e.g., safety, physiological) before pursuing higher-level needs (e.g., love, esteem). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond when weight falls below the 'weight thermostat' set point?

<p>Decreased metabolism and increased hunger promote weight gain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are natural behavioral tendencies influenced in the presence of others when eating?

<p>They are amplified. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combined effect of increased ghrelin and decreased leptin due to sleep deprivation?

<p>Increased appetite and decreased body fat reporting to the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does having a strong social identity typically influence an individual's health and well-being?

<p>It boosts health and well-being by providing a sense of belonging and support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequence arises from spending excessive time engaged in online interactions?

<p>Reduced capacity to develop and maintain strong real-world relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does narcissism primarily manifest in an individual's interpersonal behavior?

<p>An exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-focus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-discipline (grit) compare to intelligence in predicting long-term academic success?

<p>Self-discipline surpasses intelligence in predicting academic success. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do catastrophes, as a category of stressor, uniquely affect individuals?

<p>They can cause significant and prolonged damage to emotional and physical health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does adopting an optimistic outlook on life typically influence stress levels and overall health?

<p>It minimizes the perception of potential threats, thereby reducing stress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can strong social support most effectively mediate the impact of stress on health?

<p>By promoting resilience and providing emotional encouragement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a documented benefit of regular aerobic exercise on mental health?

<p>Alleviation of depression and anxiety symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of mindfulness meditation on cognitive functions?

<p>It enhances nonjudgmental awareness of current experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does experiencing happiness generally influence an individual's interaction with their environment?

<p>It enhances confidence, cooperation, and overall sociability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'feel-good, do-good phenomenon' impact altruistic behaviors?

<p>Experiencing positive emotions increases the likelihood of performing good deeds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes how a Type A personality typically responds to stress?

<p>Reactive, competitive, and impatient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct

A complex, species-wide, unlearned behavior pattern.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Physiological needs create a drive to reduce the need and return the body to a balanced internal state.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid of needs, where basic physiological needs must be met before higher-level needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothalamus (Hunger)

A brain structure that controls hunger and other body maintenance functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

Stimulation of this area of hypothalamus stimulates hunger.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

Stimulation of this area of the hypothalamus prevents hunger.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Well-Being

Being satisfied with the past, happy with the present, and optimistic about the future.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Character

Focuses on strengths like creativity, courage, and integrity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Groups/Cultures

Fostering positive social environments like groups and communities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Happiest Days

Weekends, specifically Friday and Saturday, tend to exhibit more positive moods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Importance of Sleep

Prioritize getting enough sleep to avoid fatigue and gloomy moods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Close Relationships

Engage in meaningful conversations with loved ones and show them kindness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Focus Beyond Self

Extend help to those in need and perform acts of kindness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Count Your Blessings

Actively appreciate and record the things you are thankful for.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Take Control of Time

Feeling in control of your time by setting goals and making daily progress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Engage Your Skills

Engage in work/leisure that challenges but doesn't overwhelm your skills.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Set Point

The weight your body tries to maintain; hunger increases and metabolism lowers if you fall below it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Situational Eating

Increased appetite and eating more due to external cues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Obesity Health Risks

Diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain cancers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Measurement of body fat based on weight in relation to height.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sleep Loss and Obesity

Increases ghrelin (appetite stimulant) and decreases leptin (reports body fat).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Identity

Feeling part of a group, which boosts health and well-being.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Narcissism

Feeling self-important, self-focused, and self-promoting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Achievement Motivation

Desire for significant accomplishment, mastery, control, and high standards.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Grit vs. Intelligence

Self-discipline surpasses intelligence in predicting school performance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stress

Process of responding to threatening or challenging events (stressors).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Catastrophes

Unpredictable large scale events that leads to significant damage to emotional and physical health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type A Personality

Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and easily angered.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stress and Illness

Stress makes us more vulnerable by influencing our behaviors and physiology.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Support

Feeling liked and encouraged by friends and family, promoting happiness and health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aerobic Exercise

Exercise that increases heart and lung fitness, alleviating depression and anxiety.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unlearned Behavior

Behavior patterns seen across a species without learning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drive

Internal aroused state driven by physiological needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothalamus

Controls hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lateral Hypothalamus

Brain area that, when stimulated, makes you hungry.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin

Hormone that decreases appetite, secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose

Signup and view all the flashcards

Set Point Theory

The weight your body tries to defend.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nurture Spiritual Self

For many, faith offers community, purpose, and hope, improving well-being.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Express Gratitude

Express how grateful you feel to others for their actions and presence in your life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Act Happy

Research suggests that people who are made to smile feel better.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Buy Experiences

Spending money on shared experiences yields more happiness than buying material things.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Join the 'Movement'

Regular physical activity promotes health, energy and can ease mild depression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Physiological Needs

Meeting basic physiological needs before anything else.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Safety Needs

Needs for security from danger, assurance and physical safety.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Love and Belonging

Desire for intimate relationships, love and strong groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Esteem

Need for confidence, achievement, and respect from others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Actualization

Realizing your full potential and purpose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Catastrophes (Stress)

Unpredictable, large-scale events that can significantly impact emotional and physical health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Significant Life Changes (Stress)

Significant events that require major adjustments, potentially impacting health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Daily Hassles (Stress)

Everyday annoyances and frustrations that can accumulate and impact stress levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pets as Social Support

Having a pet can improve chances of survival after a heart attack and relieve depression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Support Benefits

Promotes happiness and health through feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mindfulness Meditation

Training the mind to focus on the present, reducing anxiety and improving focus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

Enhanced mood, increased generosity, and a greater likelihood of performing good deeds when experiencing positive emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Benefits of Happiness

Viewing the world as safer, increased confidence, and improved cooperation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Outlook's Impact on Health

Ways of thinking, pessimistically or optimistically, about our world have effects on our stress levels and overall health

Signup and view all the flashcards

Belonging and Health

Having a social identity boosts health and well-being

Signup and view all the flashcards

Online vs. Face-to-Face

Spending hours online can decrease real-world relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Benefits of Relaxation

Can help alleviate headaches, hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mindfulness Benefits

Improved sleep, interpersonal relationships, and immune system functioning are benefits of.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mood Boosting Effects

A mood-boosting experience such as recalling a happy event

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maslow's Hierarchy

A motivational theory suggesting our needs are arranged in a hierarchy, starting with basic survival needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Stimulation of this area prevents hunger.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prioritize Sleep

Giving your body the rest it needs to avoid fatigue and negative moods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acts of Kindness

Performing acts of kindness can elevate one's mood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Record Gratitude

Expressing grateful thoughts and feelings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Time Management

Feeling in control of your life through setting goals and routines.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Significant Life Changes

Events requiring significant adjustments (e.g., divorce, job loss)

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Support (Stress)

Feeling liked and encouraged by friends and family

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aerobic Exercise (Stress)

Reduces stress; improves mood, energy, and relationships

Signup and view all the flashcards

Feel-Good, Do-Good

A mood-boosting experience makes people more likely to do good deeds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Belonging Boosts Health

Having a social identity boosts health and well-being.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stress (definition)

The process of responding to certain events.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Instinct Theory

Innate behaviors that aid survival drive our motivations

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs or psychological needs are addressed

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Social Ecology

Creating social environments that promote positivity and well-being.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Close Relationships Matter

Cultivating meaningful connections with loved ones through quality interactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Focusing beyond self

Extending kindness and support to those in need.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Take control of your time

Gaining a sense of control by setting and achieving goals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Outlook

Positive expectations often motivate eventual success.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Catastrophes (Stressors)

Unpredictable, large-scale events.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Support (Health)

feeling liked and encouraged by friends and family.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aerobic Exercise (Health)

Exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; alleviates depression and anxiety.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Benefits of Mindfulness

Lessens anxiety and depression; improves sleep and relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Happy People

Happy people perceive the world as safer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Grit

Self-discipline surpasses intelligence in predicting success.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pet Benefits

Having a pet improves survival after a heart attack.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Connection

Feeling part of a group, which boosts health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sleep Deprivation

Increased release of ghrelin and decreased release of leptin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mindfulness Daily

A reflective way, to improve concentration and decision making.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Instinct Theory of Motivation

A theory of motivation; survival is most important, and innate behaviors drive us.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothalamus and Hunger

Brain structure that performs body maintenance functions including control of hunger

Signup and view all the flashcards

"Weight Thermostat"

The (often unconscious) weight your body strives to maintain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Facilitation (Eating)

Eating more food simply because you are in the presence of other people.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Benefits of Aerobic Exercise

Improved quality of life, mood, and relationships

Signup and view all the flashcards

3 Pillars of Positive Psychology

Three core aspects that include well-being, positive personal traits, and social environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Esteem Needs

Higher-level needs (respect, self-esteem, recognition).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nurturing Spirituality

When faith gives: community, purpose, focus, and hope.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Give Body Sleep

Prioritize rest to avoid negative consequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Close Relationships (Happiness)

Engage in meaningful, deeper quality conversations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • Motivation stems from the interplay of nature and nurture, energizing and directing behavior.

Instinct Theory

  • Instinct theory views instincts as the primary source of motivation, especially for survival-related innate behaviors.
  • An instinct is a complex behavior with a fixed pattern throughout a species that is unlearned.

Drive-Reduction Theory

  • Physiological needs lead to a motivated state (drive) that pushes behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis.
  • Homeostasis is maintaining a balanced internal state.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

  • There is a relationship between stress and task performance.
  • Optimal performance requires a balance of arousal; too little or too much arousal impairs performance.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  • Physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level safety and psychological needs become motivators.
  • Base level: Physiological needs
  • Second level: Safety needs
  • Higher levels: Psychological needs

Hypothalamus and Hunger

  • The hypothalamus controls hunger and other body maintenance functions, responding to blood chemistry and neural signals.
  • Lateral hypothalamus (LH) stimulation triggers hunger.
  • Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) stimulation suppresses hunger.

Appetite Hormones

  • Insulin, from the pancreas, decreases appetite and regulates blood glucose.
  • Leptin, secreted by fat cells, decreases appetite and increases metabolism.
  • PYY (Peptide YY), from the digestive tract, signals "I'm not hungry" to the brain and decreases appetite
  • Ghrelin, secreted by an empty stomach, signals "I'm hungry" to the brain and increases appetite.
  • Orexin, produced by the hypothalamus, triggers hunger.

Set Point

  • The set point is a fixed weight the body aims to maintain.
  • Hunger increases and metabolic rate lowers when the body falls below this weight, restoring the weight.

Situational Eating Controls

  • Situations heighten appetite.
  • Snacking doubled when watching an intense movie.
  • People eat more when others are present, magnifying natural tendencies.

Obesity Risks

  • Physical health risks include diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain cancers.
  • Body mass index (BMI) measures body fat based on weight and height.

Sleep Loss and Obesity

  • Sleep deprivation increases ghrelin, boosting appetite.
  • Sleep deprivation decreases leptin, reducing the signal of body fat to the brain.

Social Connection

  • Social identity and group belonging improve health and well-being.
  • College students check their phones 56 times a day.
  • Excessive online time can reduce real-world relationships, as humans are designed for face-to-face interactions.

Narcissism

  • Narcissism involves feeling self-important, self-focused, and self-promoting.
  • Narcissism is essentially self-esteem that has gone wild.
  • Personality tests assess narcissism with items such as “I like to be the center of attention.”

Achievement Motivation

  • Achievement motivation includes desiring accomplishment, mastery, control, and high standards.
  • Self-discipline (grit) surpasses intelligence in predicting school performance, attendance, and graduation honors.
  • "Discipline outdoes talent"- Angela Duckworth & Martin Seligman

Stress

  • Stress is how we perceive and respond to threatening or challenging events (stressors).
  • Catastrophes: Large-scale unpredictable events with significant emotional and physical health impacts.
  • Significant life changes: Stressful transitions like losing a loved one, moving, or graduating.
  • Daily hassles: Common impediments causing aggravation or anxiety.
  • Reactive, competitive, impatient, and easily angered individuals characterize Type A personalities.
  • Easy-going, relaxed individuals characterize Type B personalities.
  • Stress may increase vulnerability to illness by influencing behaviors and physiology.
  • Positive expectations can drive success.
  • Optimistic or pessimistic mindsets affect stress levels and health.

Social Support

  • Social support from friends and family promotes happiness and health.
  • Pets can offer social support, improving heart attack survival rates and alleviating depression.
  • Optimistic thinking, social support, and personal control can reduce stress.
  • Managing stress involves developing more optimistic thinking, building social support, and having a sense of personal control.
  • Aerobic exercise: Sustained exercise improves heart/lung fitness, alleviates depression/anxiety, and enhances quality of life.
  • Relaxation and meditation: Relaxation procedures can alleviate headaches, hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia.
  • Mindfulness meditation: Practicing nonjudgmental awareness of current experiences.
  • Benefits of mindfulness: Mindfulness practices can lessen anxiety and depression, with links to improved sleep, relationships, and immune function. A few minutes daily can improve concentration and decision-making.

Happiness

  • Happy people view the world as safer, are more confident/decisive, and cooperate more.
  • They live healthier, more energized, and satisfied lives.
  • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon: Positive moods increase the likelihood of good deeds.

Positive Psychology Pillars

  • Positive well-being: Focuses on satisfaction with the past, happiness with the present, and optimism about the future.
  • Positive character: Explores and enhances creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality.
  • Positive groups, communities, and cultures: Seeks to cultivate a positive social environment.
  • Friday and Saturday generally have the most positive moods.

Evidence-Based Suggestions for a Happier Life

  • Prioritize sleep for improved alertness and mood.
  • Nurture close bonds with loved ones through kindness and appreciation.
  • Extend kindness to others in need.
  • List blessings in a gratitude journal.
  • Nurture spirituality through faith and support communities.
  • Take control of time by setting and achieving goals.
  • Act happy to encourage a positive mind state.
  • Seek engaging work and leisure activities.
  • Prioritize shared experiences over material objects. By shared experiences, happiness, and memories made with others are highlighted, not the acquisition of items that may satisfy temporarily but yield a feeling of emptiness over time.
  • Engage in regular aerobic workouts.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Top to Bottom)

  • Self-actualization: desire to become the most that one can be
  • Esteem: respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
  • Love and belonging: friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
  • Safety needs: personal security, employment, resources, health, property
  • Physiological needs: air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Motivation stems from the interaction of nature and nurture, energizing and directing behavior. Instinct theory views instincts as the primary source of motivation and survival. Physiological needs create a motivated state to reduce the need and restore homeostasis.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser