Podcast
Questions and Answers
The ______ is a cognitive process that involves encoding, storage and retrieval of information.
The ______ is a cognitive process that involves encoding, storage and retrieval of information.
memory
The ______ model of memory was developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.
The ______ model of memory was developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.
Multistore
Sensory memory holds information for approximately ______ seconds.
Sensory memory holds information for approximately ______ seconds.
1-5
Short-term memory (STM) can hold information for up to ______ seconds.
Short-term memory (STM) can hold information for up to ______ seconds.
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Long-term memory (LTM) can hold information for an ______ amount of time.
Long-term memory (LTM) can hold information for an ______ amount of time.
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The ______ effect refers to the tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.
The ______ effect refers to the tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.
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Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) conducted a study to investigate the ______ effect.
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) conducted a study to investigate the ______ effect.
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The study by Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) supports the ______ model of memory.
The study by Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) supports the ______ model of memory.
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The study by Loftus and Palmer aimed to investigate how ______ information can influence eyewitness accounts of events.
The study by Loftus and Palmer aimed to investigate how ______ information can influence eyewitness accounts of events.
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The researchers used different verbs in their questions to test the effect of language on ______ estimation.
The researchers used different verbs in their questions to test the effect of language on ______ estimation.
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The participants, who were ______, viewed traffic accidents in short video clips.
The participants, who were ______, viewed traffic accidents in short video clips.
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The study found that the verb used in the questions had a ______ effect on the reported speed of the cars.
The study found that the verb used in the questions had a ______ effect on the reported speed of the cars.
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The participants who were asked about cars that "______" each other reported the highest average speed.
The participants who were asked about cars that "______" each other reported the highest average speed.
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The study suggests that eyewitness testimony can be ______ by the language used in questioning after an event.
The study suggests that eyewitness testimony can be ______ by the language used in questioning after an event.
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Loftus and Palmer's experiment utilized a ______ setting to ensure greater control over confounding variables.
Loftus and Palmer's experiment utilized a ______ setting to ensure greater control over confounding variables.
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The study's findings demonstrate the potential for the ______ to influence how events are perceived and remembered.
The study's findings demonstrate the potential for the ______ to influence how events are perceived and remembered.
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The three processes involved in memory are ______, storage, and retrieval.
The three processes involved in memory are ______, storage, and retrieval.
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The ______ is a model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.
The ______ is a model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.
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One type of encoding that relies on the meaning of information is called ______ encoding.
One type of encoding that relies on the meaning of information is called ______ encoding.
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The capacity of short-term memory is often referred to as the "magic number" of ______ plus or minus 2.
The capacity of short-term memory is often referred to as the "magic number" of ______ plus or minus 2.
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______ memory is a type of long-term memory that holds information about personal experiences and events.
______ memory is a type of long-term memory that holds information about personal experiences and events.
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The long-term memory of facts and general knowledge is known as ______ memory.
The long-term memory of facts and general knowledge is known as ______ memory.
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Unlike declarative memories, ______ memory is unconscious and involves skills and procedures.
Unlike declarative memories, ______ memory is unconscious and involves skills and procedures.
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Sensory memory is said to have a very short duration, typically lasting only ______ to 5 seconds.
Sensory memory is said to have a very short duration, typically lasting only ______ to 5 seconds.
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The researchers utilized a ______ to make sure the translation of the questionnaires was not a confounding variable.
The researchers utilized a ______ to make sure the translation of the questionnaires was not a confounding variable.
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The study investigated the potential role of ______ factors on flashbulb memories.
The study investigated the potential role of ______ factors on flashbulb memories.
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The participants were presented with word ______ on a screen during the fMRI scan.
The participants were presented with word ______ on a screen during the fMRI scan.
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The participants were asked to rate their memories for ______, detail, confidence in accuracy, and arousal.
The participants were asked to rate their memories for ______, detail, confidence in accuracy, and arousal.
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The researchers used the memories of personal events from the ______ as a baseline for evaluating the nature of 9/11 memories.
The researchers used the memories of personal events from the ______ as a baseline for evaluating the nature of 9/11 memories.
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Only half of the participants reported having ______ of the 9/11 event.
Only half of the participants reported having ______ of the 9/11 event.
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The ______ cortex is associated with higher cognitive functions, such as decision-making and planning.
The ______ cortex is associated with higher cognitive functions, such as decision-making and planning.
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Those participants who reported having flashbulb memories also reported being ______ to the World Trade Centre on 9/11.
Those participants who reported having flashbulb memories also reported being ______ to the World Trade Centre on 9/11.
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The study used a ______ -discounting experiment to investigate the neural correlates of reward preferences.
The study used a ______ -discounting experiment to investigate the neural correlates of reward preferences.
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The study highlights the potential danger of the ______ fallacy.
The study highlights the potential danger of the ______ fallacy.
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Participants made choices between smaller/______ sums of money and larger/later sums of money.
Participants made choices between smaller/______ sums of money and larger/later sums of money.
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The ______ system, associated with the dopamine system, was more activated by decisions involving immediate rewards.
The ______ system, associated with the dopamine system, was more activated by decisions involving immediate rewards.
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Regions of the ______ cortex were activated more by long-term reward options.
Regions of the ______ cortex were activated more by long-term reward options.
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The study findings confirmed that higher levels of thinking and decision-making come from the ______ cortex.
The study findings confirmed that higher levels of thinking and decision-making come from the ______ cortex.
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Activation of the limbic system is associated with fast, ______ , and impulsive thinking.
Activation of the limbic system is associated with fast, ______ , and impulsive thinking.
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The study supports the idea of two types of thinking, System 1 and System 2, which operate in different parts of the ______ .
The study supports the idea of two types of thinking, System 1 and System 2, which operate in different parts of the ______ .
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They argue that we have no way of knowing that the participant’s original memories had been ______ altered by the leading questions.
They argue that we have no way of knowing that the participant’s original memories had been ______ altered by the leading questions.
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The acronym WEIRD stands for: Westernized, Educated, Industrialized, ______, Democratic.
The acronym WEIRD stands for: Westernized, Educated, Industrialized, ______, Democratic.
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A good theory should be ______, meaning it does not show bias towards any gender or culture.
A good theory should be ______, meaning it does not show bias towards any gender or culture.
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A theory that ignores the influence of other factors on behaviour, focusing on a limited number of factors, can be considered ______.
A theory that ignores the influence of other factors on behaviour, focusing on a limited number of factors, can be considered ______.
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One common critique of schema theory is that it is too ______ and hypothetical to be useful.
One common critique of schema theory is that it is too ______ and hypothetical to be useful.
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The acronym U CRAP’ED stands for Unbiased, Clearly Defined Variables, ______, Applications, Predictive Validity, Empirical Support, Determinist.
The acronym U CRAP’ED stands for Unbiased, Clearly Defined Variables, ______, Applications, Predictive Validity, Empirical Support, Determinist.
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Schema theory is rooted in the ______ Approach.
Schema theory is rooted in the ______ Approach.
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Loftus and Palmer’s research on the ______ of eyewitness testimony is often used as an example in evaluating theories.
Loftus and Palmer’s research on the ______ of eyewitness testimony is often used as an example in evaluating theories.
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Study Notes
Dual Process Theory
- Proposes two interacting systems for thinking and decision-making
- System 1 (limbic): automatic, intuitive, heuristic-based.
- System 2 (neocortex): analytical, logical, slower.
- System 1 often precedes System 2, potentially interfering with its effectiveness.
Biological Evidence for Dual Systems
- Different brain regions are associated with each system.
- The limbic system is related to emotional processing and immediate rewards.
- The prefrontal cortex relates to more deliberative, rational decision making.
Limitations of Dual Process Theory
- Overly reductionist since it does not explain how the systems interact.
- The mechanisms of System 1 and System 2 are unclear.
- Doesn't account for how emotion may influence cognitive biases.
Wason Selection Task
- A classic study of deductive reasoning and cognitive biases.
- Participants are presented with cards, and must decide which cards to turn over to verify a rule.
- Many participants make errors due to matching bias, focusing on the information given in the rule instead of evaluating the rule's logic more generally.
- Griggs and Cox variation of the Task
- Using real-life scenarios.
Memory and Emotion – Flashbulb Memories (Brown & Kulik)
- A special type of emotional memory, often associated with highly personal and unexpected events.
- Characterized by vividness, accuracy, and persistence.
- Potentially triggered by the unexpected nature of events encoded.
- Highly detailed.
Memory and Emotion – Flashbulb Memories (Kulkofsky)
- Examined the role of culture in flashbulb memory.
- Found that national/cultural importance, and personal involvement, affected the encoding, and recall of flashbulb memories across cultures
- Collectivist cultures may result in a less emotionally charged memory than individualistic cultures.
Reconstructive Memory (Bartlett et al.)
- Memory is constructed rather than passively recorded and stored.
- Existing schemas influence how new information is interpreted and remembered.
- Memory distortion may occur over time as information is integrated into existing knowledge structures.
- Schema theory proposes that, in the recall of unfamiliar material, individuals rely on their existing schemas to interpret and make sense of what they are trying to remember. This may result in the modification of the original material to better fit into the established schemas and in the development of distortions.
- Reconstructed memories could contain inaccuracies based on prior knowledge or experiences.
Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Distortion (Loftus & Palmer)
- Leading questions can significantly alter eyewitness testimony.
- Subsequently provided information can distort existing memories.
- Memory is dynamic and susceptible to distortion, not a passive recording of events.
- The way information is presented to a person can cause distortions.
Illusory Correlation (Hamilton & Gifford)
- Illusory correlation: Perceiving a relationship between two variables that do not genuinely exist
- Minority group members are often overrepresented in negative stereotypes, which may bias perceptions.
- The perception of a correlation between infrequent events (e.g., minority group membership and undesirable behaviour) often increases, possibly due to the greater impact of a minority event.
- Stereotypes can be influenced by a disproportionately higher awareness of negative behaviours exhibited by minority groups.
Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)
- Information flows from sensory, to short-term, to long-term storage.
- Sensory memory holds brief sensory impressions, while short-term memory stores information for a short period.
- Long-term memory has a potentially unlimited storage capacity.
- Encoding, storage, and retrieval are critical processes in memory.
Working Memory Model (WMM)
- A more detailed model of short and long term memory, emphasizing separate, interacting components
- This model emphasizes that the working memory isn't a single store but a multiplicity of components (visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episodic buffer, and central executive) which interact
- The WMM proposes that our memory is an active system involved in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, and that different parts of memory are used depending on the task.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cognitive processes of memory including encoding, storage, and retrieval. Explore key models of memory, such as the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, and understand different effects influencing recall. This quiz covers foundational concepts in psychology related to memory studies.
