STM & WM
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary reason for memory decay over time?

  • Proactive interference
  • The lack of attention while encoding
  • Excessive use of chunking strategies
  • Memory trace decreases over time (correct)

Which statement best describes chunking in memory?

  • Chunking relies solely on numeric data for effective recall.
  • Chunking makes unrelated pieces of information more memorable.
  • Chunking allows small units of information to form larger meaningful units. (correct)
  • Chunking decreases the overall capacity of short-term memory.

How does proactive interference affect learning new information?

  • It improves the ability to chunk new information together.
  • It reduces the effectiveness of attention in memory processes.
  • It causes new information to be more easily forgotten. (correct)
  • It enhances memory recall of similar new information.

What role does attention play in chunking information?

<p>Attention is required to keep memory codes alive and to group information appropriately. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of short-term memory capacity, what is the typical digit span for most individuals?

<p>7+/- 2 digits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary representation method used in short-term memory when mistakes are made based on similar sounds of letters?

<p>Auditory coding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of proactive interference, how does recalling items from a different category affect memory?

<p>It enhances memory recall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods involve analyzing physical features before semantic or cognitive analysis in memory processing?

<p>Surface processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of encoding in short-term memory according to the physiological approach?

<p>Memory is represented by neural firing patterns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common error pattern did deaf subjects display in the study regarding short-term memory?

<p>Errors based on phonological properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chunking improve memory performance during encoding?

<p>It creates more meaningful connections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when subjects are asked to recall items that belong to the same category in trials?

<p>Recall decays due to proactive interference. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory representation involves remembering information based on its meaning rather than its sound or visual cues?

<p>Semantic coding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of iconic memory?

<p>To retain visual information for a very brief period. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes echoic memory?

<p>It lasts for a few seconds after the original sound has ended. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is proactive interference in the context of memory?

<p>When old information interferes with the ability to learn new information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the method of chunking in memory?

<p>Grouping small pieces of information into larger, manageable units. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does attention influence coding in short-term memory?

<p>It helps prioritize which stimuli are encoded into memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly occurs during the decay of short-term memory?

<p>Information is gradually replaced by new information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines short-term memory?

<p>A temporary storage system for a limited amount of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of information in short-term memory without rehearsal?

<p>15 to 30 seconds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Sperling's delayed partial report method, what happened to participants' recall accuracy?

<p>It decreased drastically when a delay was introduced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the sensory memory process?

<p>The age of the individual remembering the information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical digit span that most individuals can remember?

<p>7 +/- 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proactive interference occurs when new information prevents the recall of old information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe grouping small units of information into larger, meaningful units?

<p>chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory performance typically __________ as the time interval between learning and recall increases.

<p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of interference with its description:

<p>Proactive interference = Old information interferes with new learning Retroactive interference = New information interferes with recall of old information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of working memory does the phonological loop primarily deal with?

<p>Auditory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Short-term memory and working memory refer to the same processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three components of Baddeley’s working memory model.

<p>Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central executive is responsible for __________ in the working memory model.

<p>control and coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of working memory with their functions:

<p>Phonological loop = Stores auditory information Visuospatial sketchpad = Stores visual and spatial information Central executive = Controls and coordinates information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the capacity of the phonological store?

<p>Limited capacity for a few seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two tasks that use different components of working memory can be performed successfully together.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

<p>To hold visual and spatial information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of coding primarily involves representing items in terms of their sound in short-term memory?

<p>Auditory coding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual coding and auditory coding lead to different patterns of errors in memory recall.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon that occurs when old information interferes with recalling new information?

<p>proactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

In short-term memory, the process of transferring information from STM to LTM is known as __________.

<p>memorizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of coding with their corresponding description:

<p>Visual coding = Judging physical features of items Auditory coding = Recalling items based on sound Semantic coding = Understanding meaning of items Proactive interference = Decline in memory recall due to prior learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the levels of processing framework, what does greater depth of processing imply?

<p>Greater analysis of semantic or cognitive features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semantic coding is only about how an item sounds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average number of shaded squares subjects can complete before making mistakes in visual coding tasks?

<p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory memory?

<p>Brief retention of sensory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Echoic memory has a longer duration than iconic memory.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the process of remembering information stored in long-term memory?

<p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

The initial stage of memory that holds incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second is known as __________.

<p>sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of memory with its description:

<p>Iconic memory = Persistence of visual stimuli Echoic memory = Retention of auditory stimuli Sensory memory = Brief retention of sensory impressions Short-term memory = Holds information for about 15-30 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Sperling's whole report method, participants reported an average of how many letters from the matrix?

<p>4.5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Short-term memory can hold more than 7 items for an extended period.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is involved in retaining information for years or even decades?

<p>Long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

The method in which participants are cued to report specific letters after being shown a matrix is known as __________ report method.

<p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a control process in memory?

<p>Rehearsal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the central executive in working memory?

<p>Managing attention and task switching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phonological loop is involved in processing visual imagery.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when words that sound similar are confused?

<p>Phonological similarity effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Articulatory suppression reduces memory because it interferes with ______.

<p>rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects indicates that memory is better for short words than for long words?

<p>Word Length Effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visuospatial sketch pad cannot become overloaded, thus not causing interference.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the episodic buffer?

<p>To store information and connect working memory with long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the whole report method, what was the average number of letters participants were able to report?

<p>4.5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The partially reported method involved flashing the matrix for 100 ms to participants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the decrease in memory recall due to prior learning?

<p>proactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the coding of sensory memory, the _________ approach involves studying how stimuli are represented by neuronal firing.

<p>physiological</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of coding with their descriptions:

<p>Physiological coding = Representing stimuli through neuronal firing Semantic coding = Representing items based on meaning Acoustic coding = Representing items based on sound Visual coding = Representing items based on visual representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the delayed partial report method for participants?

<p>They could report slightly more than 1 letter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experts struggle to chunk randomly placed chess pieces as effectively as beginners.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of chunking information in memory?

<p>It enhances memory performance by grouping information into meaningful units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the articulatory rehearsal process?

<p>To rehearse information and prevent decay (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phonological store can hold information for an unlimited amount of time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect occurs when similar-sounding items are confused with one another in memory?

<p>Phonological similarity effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of __________ occurs when a person repeats irrelevant sounds, interfering with memory rehearsal.

<p>articulatory suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Physiological coding

How a stimulus is represented by neuron firings.

Mental coding

How a stimulus/experience is represented in the mind.

STM coding (Conrad)

Representing items in Short-Term Memory (STM) by their sound or appearance.

Acoustic coding (STM)

Representing items in STM based on their sound.

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Visual coding (STM)

Representing items visually in STM.

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Semantic coding

Representing items in STM by meaning.

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Proactive Interference

Decreased memory due to prior learning.

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Release from Proactive Interference

Improved memory when dealing with a new category of items.

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Sensory Memory

The initial stage that briefly holds all incoming information.

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Short-Term Memory (STM)

A memory system holding 5-7 items for about 15-30 seconds.

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Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A memory system with a large capacity; holds information for years or decades

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Control Processes

Active processes we use to manage and enhance memory, such as attention and rehearsal.

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Encoding

The process of storing memory in long-term storage

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Retrieval

Remembering information stored in long-term memory.

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Iconic Memory

A type of sensory memory that holds visual information for ~1 second, fading rapidly.

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Echoic Memory

A type of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 3–4 seconds after presentation.

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Memory Disruption

Inability to store or retrieve stored information.

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Sperling's Experiment

Experiment on the capacity and duration of sensory memory, using partial report method.

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Decay Theory

The idea that memory fades over time, becoming weaker and harder to retrieve. This happens even without interference from other information, especially when there's no attempt to rehearse the information.

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Digit Span

A test that measures the capacity of short-term memory. Participants are asked to remember a sequence of digits, and the number of digits they can recall correctly indicates their memory span.

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Chunking

The process of grouping smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units. Think of combining individual words into phrases, or phrases into sentences.

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Memory and Attention Work Together

Remembering information requires both the focus of attention to create meaningful chunks and the ability to maintain those chunks in memory. You need attention to prioritize the right information and keep it 'alive' in your mind.

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Decay

Memory weakens over time, especially without rehearsal.

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Chess Experiment

Experts rely on chunking to remember complex chess board configurations.

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Persistence of vision

The lingering perception of light in your mind, even after the real light source is gone, creating the illusion of a continuous trail.

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What is the duration of STM?

Short-term memory (STM) holds information for a brief period, typically around 15-30 seconds.

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What is the purpose of sensory memory?

Sensory memory acts as a buffer, collecting information from the environment, filtering it, and briefly holding it while initial processing occurs.

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Memory Systems

Distinct memory structures that are responsible for storing and retrieving different kinds of information for various lengths of time.

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What are control processes?

Active cognitive processes that help manage memory, such as rehearsal, attention, and encoding strategies.

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What is encoding?

The process of transforming information into a format that can be stored in long-term memory.

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Conrad's STM Coding

How information is represented in short-term memory (STM). Conrad found that STM uses acoustic, visual, and semantic coding.

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Semantic Coding (STM)

Representing information in STM based on its meaning. This is why we often remember the meaning of words, even if we forget the exact wording.

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Levels of Processing (Encoding)

The depth of processing that information undergoes influences how well it is remembered. Deeper processing (meaningful analysis) leads to better memory.

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Long-Lasting Memory Codes

The type of encoding used can influence how long we remember something. Semantic encoding creates more lasting memories than just focusing on physical features.

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Phonological Loop

A component of working memory responsible for processing and temporarily storing auditory information, particularly language.

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Visuospatial Sketch Pad

A component of working memory that processes and temporarily stores visual and spatial information.

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Central Executive

The control center of working memory, responsible for allocating attention, coordinating information flow, and retrieving information from long-term memory.

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Phonological Similarity Effect

The tendency to confuse similar sounding words or letters when trying to remember them.

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Word Length Effect

People remember shorter words better than longer words because shorter words require less time to rehearse and recall.

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Articulatory Suppression

The process of saying irrelevant sounds (e.g., 'the, the, the') that interferes with rehearsal and reduces memory performance.

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Mental Rotation

The process of rotating a mental image of an object in your mind.

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Episodic Buffer

A component of working memory that stores information from both the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad, and integrates it with long-term memory.

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Levels of Processing

A theory suggesting that deeper processing of information leads to better memory. The type of processing (e.g., physical, acoustic, semantic) influences how well we remember.

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Encoding Specificity Principle

Memory recall is better when the conditions at retrieval match the conditions at encoding. This means the context surrounding learning has a significant impact on memory.

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Short-Term Memory Limitation

Short-Term memory is limited in both capacity (5-7 items) and duration (around 15-30 seconds). It's primarily responsible for holding information for a short period.

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Working Memory vs. Short-Term Memory

Working memory is more than just storage; it actively manipulates and processes information for complex tasks like learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. It's a more dynamic version of short-term memory.

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Working Memory Components

Working memory has several components. The phonological loop processes verbal and auditory information. The visuospatial sketchpad handles visual and spatial information. The central executive controls and coordinates the other components and manages attention resources.

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Working Memory Components: Independence

If two tasks require the same working memory component, they can't be performed successfully together. But, if they use different components, they can often be done together without significant interference.

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Phonological Loop: Components

The phonological loop has two parts: the phonological store, which briefly holds auditory information, and the articulatory rehearsal process, which keeps information active by silently repeating it.

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Visuospatial Sketchpad: Functions

The visuospatial sketchpad allows us to manipulate visual information, such as mentally rotating objects, and spatial information, such as remembering the location of things. It's what helps us navigate our environment effectively.

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Sensory Memory Capacity

The amount of information that can be briefly held in sensory memory. Sperling's experiments show we can hold a lot for a short time.

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Partial Report Method

A technique used in Sperling's experiments where participants are cued to report only a specific part of a briefly presented visual display.

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Decay in Sensory Memory

Information in sensory memory fades rapidly, making it difficult to recall after a few seconds.

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Chunking in Chess

Experts chunk chess pieces into meaningful groups based on their positions and relationships, aiding memory.

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STM to LTM Transfer

Memorizing involves moving information from short-term memory (STM) into long-term memory (LTM).

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Phonological store

The part of the phonological loop that briefly holds auditory information, like a temporary storage space.

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Articulatory rehearsal process

The part of the phonological loop that keeps information active by silently repeating it.

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What is the phonological similarity effect?

When items that sound similar are harder to remember because they get confused in the phonological store.

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Study Notes

Memory Processes

  • Memory encompasses the processes of retaining, retrieving, and using information from stimuli, images, or events.
  • Memory is crucial for all aspects of daily life, as it relies on past experiences.
  • Mental representations involve various coding methods such as semantic, acoustic, and visual.
  • Mental processes involve accessing existing knowledge, encoding new information, and maintaining memory.

Atkinson & Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory

  • Memory involves stages including sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
  • Sensory memory briefly holds incoming information.
  • Short-term memory (STM) can hold 5-7 items for around 15-30 seconds.
  • Long-term memory (LTM) holds vast amounts of information for extended periods (years).
  • Control processes, like rehearsal, can influence memory effectiveness.

Sensory Memory

  • Sensory memory briefly retains sensory information from the environment.
  • It encodes features in distinct modalities (visual, auditory, etc.).
  • It is short-lived, lasting only a fraction of a second.
  • Persistence of vision and echoic memory are different types of sensory memory.
  • Sperling's experiments explored sensory memory capacity and duration using whole and partial report methods.
  • Iconic memory represents visual information briefly.
  • Echoic memory holds auditory information briefly.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

  • STM temporarily holds and manipulates information.
  • Memory duration is limited, and information can be lost if not processed.
  • Memory capacity is limited, roughly 7 +/- 2 items.
  • Chunking, grouping items into meaningful units, aids in expanding STM capacity.
  • Memory performance hinges on individual differences and prior knowledge.
  • Working memory is closely related to STM, enabling manipulation and storage of information.
  • Coding in STM predominantly involves auditory and visual cues. Semantic coding is also possible, which considers meaning.
  • Decay and proactive interference impair memory retention in STM.

Working Memory

  • Working memory facilitates temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks.
  • Working memory differs from short-term memory in its manipulation abilities.
  • Working memory comprises components like the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive.
  • The phonological loop handles verbal and auditory information through storage and rehearsal.
  • The visuospatial sketchpad handles visual and spatial information.
  • The central executive coordinates and manages activities within working memory.
  • The episodic buffer acts as a temporary storage space for integration of information from multiple sources.

Encoding & Levels of Processing

  • Deeper levels of processing (semantic analysis) lead to stronger, longer-lasting memories.
  • Encoding processes are involved with transferring information to memory.
  • Different memory depths affect encoding.

Memory Disruption

  • Memory disruption involves failure to store or recall information.
  • Storage failure is permanent, whereas retrieval failure is temporary.
  • Interference (proactive or retroactive), decay, and similar stimuli can disrupt memory.

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Explore the intricate processes of memory, including retention, retrieval, and the stages of memory as outlined by Atkinson & Shiffrin's modal model. Understand how sensory, short-term, and long-term memories function and the impact of control processes on memory effectiveness.

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