STM & WM
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What is a primary reason for memory decay over time?

  • Proactive interference
  • The lack of attention while encoding
  • Excessive use of chunking strategies
  • Memory trace decreases over time (correct)

    • Which statement best describes chunking in memory?

  • Chunking relies solely on numeric data for effective recall.
  • Chunking makes unrelated pieces of information more memorable.
  • Chunking allows small units of information to form larger meaningful units. (correct)
  • Chunking decreases the overall capacity of short-term memory.

    • How does proactive interference affect learning new information?

  • It improves the ability to chunk new information together.
  • It reduces the effectiveness of attention in memory processes.
  • It causes new information to be more easily forgotten. (correct)
  • It enhances memory recall of similar new information.

    • What role does attention play in chunking information?

    <p>Attention is required to keep memory codes alive and to group information appropriately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of short-term memory capacity, what is the typical digit span for most individuals?

    <p>7+/- 2 digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary representation method used in short-term memory when mistakes are made based on similar sounds of letters?

    <p>Auditory coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of proactive interference, how does recalling items from a different category affect memory?

    <p>It enhances memory recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods involve analyzing physical features before semantic or cognitive analysis in memory processing?

    <p>Surface processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of encoding in short-term memory according to the physiological approach?

    <p>Memory is represented by neural firing patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common error pattern did deaf subjects display in the study regarding short-term memory?

    <p>Errors based on phonological properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chunking improve memory performance during encoding?

    <p>It creates more meaningful connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when subjects are asked to recall items that belong to the same category in trials?

    <p>Recall decays due to proactive interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory representation involves remembering information based on its meaning rather than its sound or visual cues?

    <p>Semantic coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of iconic memory?

    <p>To retain visual information for a very brief period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes echoic memory?

    <p>It lasts for a few seconds after the original sound has ended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is proactive interference in the context of memory?

    <p>When old information interferes with the ability to learn new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the method of chunking in memory?

    <p>Grouping small pieces of information into larger, manageable units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does attention influence coding in short-term memory?

    <p>It helps prioritize which stimuli are encoded into memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly occurs during the decay of short-term memory?

    <p>Information is gradually replaced by new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines short-term memory?

    <p>A temporary storage system for a limited amount of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of information in short-term memory without rehearsal?

    <p>15 to 30 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Sperling's delayed partial report method, what happened to participants' recall accuracy?

    <p>It decreased drastically when a delay was introduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the sensory memory process?

    <p>The age of the individual remembering the information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical digit span that most individuals can remember?

    <p>7 +/- 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proactive interference occurs when new information prevents the recall of old information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe grouping small units of information into larger, meaningful units?

    <p>chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory performance typically __________ as the time interval between learning and recall increases.

    <p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of interference with its description:

    <p>Proactive interference = Old information interferes with new learning Retroactive interference = New information interferes with recall of old information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of working memory does the phonological loop primarily deal with?

    <p>Auditory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short-term memory and working memory refer to the same processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three components of Baddeley’s working memory model.

    <p>Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central executive is responsible for __________ in the working memory model.

    <p>control and coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of working memory with their functions:

    <p>Phonological loop = Stores auditory information Visuospatial sketchpad = Stores visual and spatial information Central executive = Controls and coordinates information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the capacity of the phonological store?

    <p>Limited capacity for a few seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two tasks that use different components of working memory can be performed successfully together.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

    <p>To hold visual and spatial information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of coding primarily involves representing items in terms of their sound in short-term memory?

    <p>Auditory coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual coding and auditory coding lead to different patterns of errors in memory recall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon that occurs when old information interferes with recalling new information?

    <p>proactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In short-term memory, the process of transferring information from STM to LTM is known as __________.

    <p>memorizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of coding with their corresponding description:

    <p>Visual coding = Judging physical features of items Auditory coding = Recalling items based on sound Semantic coding = Understanding meaning of items Proactive interference = Decline in memory recall due to prior learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the levels of processing framework, what does greater depth of processing imply?

    <p>Greater analysis of semantic or cognitive features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semantic coding is only about how an item sounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of shaded squares subjects can complete before making mistakes in visual coding tasks?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sensory memory?

    <p>Brief retention of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Echoic memory has a longer duration than iconic memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you call the process of remembering information stored in long-term memory?

    <p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial stage of memory that holds incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second is known as __________.

    <p>sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of memory with its description:

    <p>Iconic memory = Persistence of visual stimuli Echoic memory = Retention of auditory stimuli Sensory memory = Brief retention of sensory impressions Short-term memory = Holds information for about 15-30 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Sperling's whole report method, participants reported an average of how many letters from the matrix?

    <p>4.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short-term memory can hold more than 7 items for an extended period.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is involved in retaining information for years or even decades?

    <p>Long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method in which participants are cued to report specific letters after being shown a matrix is known as __________ report method.

    <p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a control process in memory?

    <p>Rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the central executive in working memory?

    <p>Managing attention and task switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phonological loop is involved in processing visual imagery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when words that sound similar are confused?

    <p>Phonological similarity effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Articulatory suppression reduces memory because it interferes with ______.

    <p>rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects indicates that memory is better for short words than for long words?

    <p>Word Length Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The visuospatial sketch pad cannot become overloaded, thus not causing interference.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the episodic buffer?

    <p>To store information and connect working memory with long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the whole report method, what was the average number of letters participants were able to report?

    <p>4.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The partially reported method involved flashing the matrix for 100 ms to participants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the decrease in memory recall due to prior learning?

    <p>proactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the coding of sensory memory, the _________ approach involves studying how stimuli are represented by neuronal firing.

    <p>physiological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of coding with their descriptions:

    <p>Physiological coding = Representing stimuli through neuronal firing Semantic coding = Representing items based on meaning Acoustic coding = Representing items based on sound Visual coding = Representing items based on visual representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the delayed partial report method for participants?

    <p>They could report slightly more than 1 letter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Experts struggle to chunk randomly placed chess pieces as effectively as beginners.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of chunking information in memory?

    <p>It enhances memory performance by grouping information into meaningful units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the articulatory rehearsal process?

    <p>To rehearse information and prevent decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phonological store can hold information for an unlimited amount of time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect occurs when similar-sounding items are confused with one another in memory?

    <p>Phonological similarity effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of __________ occurs when a person repeats irrelevant sounds, interfering with memory rehearsal.

    <p>articulatory suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Processes

    • Memory encompasses the processes of retaining, retrieving, and using information from stimuli, images, or events.
    • Memory is crucial for all aspects of daily life, as it relies on past experiences.
    • Mental representations involve various coding methods such as semantic, acoustic, and visual.
    • Mental processes involve accessing existing knowledge, encoding new information, and maintaining memory.

    Atkinson & Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory

    • Memory involves stages including sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
    • Sensory memory briefly holds incoming information.
    • Short-term memory (STM) can hold 5-7 items for around 15-30 seconds.
    • Long-term memory (LTM) holds vast amounts of information for extended periods (years).
    • Control processes, like rehearsal, can influence memory effectiveness.

    Sensory Memory

    • Sensory memory briefly retains sensory information from the environment.
    • It encodes features in distinct modalities (visual, auditory, etc.).
    • It is short-lived, lasting only a fraction of a second.
    • Persistence of vision and echoic memory are different types of sensory memory.
    • Sperling's experiments explored sensory memory capacity and duration using whole and partial report methods.
    • Iconic memory represents visual information briefly.
    • Echoic memory holds auditory information briefly.

    Short-Term Memory (STM)

    • STM temporarily holds and manipulates information.
    • Memory duration is limited, and information can be lost if not processed.
    • Memory capacity is limited, roughly 7 +/- 2 items.
    • Chunking, grouping items into meaningful units, aids in expanding STM capacity.
    • Memory performance hinges on individual differences and prior knowledge.
    • Working memory is closely related to STM, enabling manipulation and storage of information.
    • Coding in STM predominantly involves auditory and visual cues. Semantic coding is also possible, which considers meaning.
    • Decay and proactive interference impair memory retention in STM.

    Working Memory

    • Working memory facilitates temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks.
    • Working memory differs from short-term memory in its manipulation abilities.
    • Working memory comprises components like the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive.
    • The phonological loop handles verbal and auditory information through storage and rehearsal.
    • The visuospatial sketchpad handles visual and spatial information.
    • The central executive coordinates and manages activities within working memory.
    • The episodic buffer acts as a temporary storage space for integration of information from multiple sources.

    Encoding & Levels of Processing

    • Deeper levels of processing (semantic analysis) lead to stronger, longer-lasting memories.
    • Encoding processes are involved with transferring information to memory.
    • Different memory depths affect encoding.

    Memory Disruption

    • Memory disruption involves failure to store or recall information.
    • Storage failure is permanent, whereas retrieval failure is temporary.
    • Interference (proactive or retroactive), decay, and similar stimuli can disrupt memory.

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