Memory and Encoding Quiz

Types of Memory

• Absentmindedness: lapses in memory caused by breaks in attention or focus
• Amnesia: loss of long-term memory due to disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
• Anterograde amnesia: loss of memory for events that occur after brain trauma
• Declarative memory: type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
• Episodic memory: type of declarative memory containing information about events we have personally experienced
• Explicit memory: memories we consciously try to remember and recall
• Flashbulb memory: exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
• Long-term memory (LTM): continuous storage of information
• Procedural memory: type of long-term memory for making skilled actions
• Semantic memory: type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Memory Processes

• Acoustic encoding: input of sounds, words, and music
• Automatic processing: encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
• Chunking: organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
• Effortful processing: encoding of information that takes effort and attention
• Encoding: input of information into the memory system
• Memory consolidation: active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory
• Rehearsal: conscious repetition of information to be remembered
• Retrieval: act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
• Storage: creation of a permanent record of information

Memory Errors

• Bias: how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
• Misattribution: memory error in which you confuse the source of your information
• Misinformation effect: paradigm after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
• Persistence: failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories
• Suggestibility: effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Other Memory Concepts

• Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A-S): memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
• Mnemonic device: memory aids that help organize information for encoding
• Recognition: identifying previously learned information after encountering it again
• Recall: accessing information without cues
• Self-reference effect: tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself
• Sensory memory: storage of brief sensory events
• Short-term memory (STM) (also, working memory): holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored
• Visual encoding: input of images