Psychology Lecture 01: Types of Differences
38 Questions
3 Views

Psychology Lecture 01: Types of Differences

Created by
@ReplaceableIguana

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of differential psychology?

  • The analysis of behavioral genetics
  • The investigation of environmental influences on behavior
  • The examination of intraindividual differences
  • The study of individual and group differences (correct)

    • What is the term for enduring patterns of behavior and thought that are relatively consistent over time and across various situations?

  • Factor
  • Type
  • Disposition
  • Trait (correct)

    • What is the term for the expression of an individual's genes in behavioral traits that can be measured?

  • Heritability
  • Genotype
  • Phenotype (correct)
  • Phenotypic variance

    • What is the term for a statistical indicator of the influence of genetic factors on individual differences in behavioral traits?

    <p>Heritability estimate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study compares pairs of people with different degrees of relatedness?

    <p>Family studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for differences that are observed within the same person when they are assessed at different times or in different situations?

    <p>Intraindividual differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that represents the relationship between behavior, genetic influences, and environmental influences?

    <p>B = f(GxE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a continuum from minimum to maximum intensity of a given feature?

    <p>Dimension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the term 'extraversion-introversion'?

    <p>From Jung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the causal approach to temperament?

    <p>Neurophysiological interpretation of primary-secondary function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential element of the theory that is related to the structure of temperament?

    <p>Temperamental structure can be described by several independent factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Eysenck equate with the biological aspects of personality?

    <p>Temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of theoretical constructs in Eysenck's personality structure model?

    <p>L1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of traits resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment in Eysenck's personality structure model?

    <p>Primary traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines an individual's characteristic way of behaving, especially towards other people, according to Eysenck?

    <p>Temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between personality and temperament, according to Eysenck?

    <p>Personality is cognitive, while temperament is non-cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of extraversion?

    <p>A quality and quantity of social interactions, level of activity, and ability to feel positive emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of neuroticism?

    <p>Emotional balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the activation theory, what is responsible for individual differences in extraversion-introversion?

    <p>The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the enduring characteristics and behavior that comprise a person's unique adjustment to life?

    <p>Personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of introverts?

    <p>Higher academic achievement than extroverts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dimension of personality that describes an individual's tendency to seek and positively evaluate life experiences?

    <p>Openness to experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the physiological basis of extraversion, according to the inhibition theory?

    <p>The cortical excitation/inhibition processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dimension of personality that reflects emotional adjustment vs emotional imbalance?

    <p>Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region has a similar score to Eastern Europe in terms of Agreeableness?

    <p>Southern Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate score of Conscientiousness in South America?

    <p>3.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region has the lowest score in Openness?

    <p>South/SE Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate score of Neuroticism in Western Europe?

    <p>3.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region has a higher score in Agreeableness compared to Eastern Europe?

    <p>Western Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region has a similar score to Middle East in terms of Openness?

    <p>Southern Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of strong excitation in the nervous system?

    <p>It indicates a robust capacity for neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of robust neural activity?

    <p>Gain of conditioned responses or generalization of a conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nervous system property mentioned in the content?

    <p>To enable nervous cells to work together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the strength of inhibition in the nervous system?

    <p>It is important for conditioned inhibition, including extinction, differentiation, and delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of conditioned inhibition?

    <p>The suppression or control of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the strength of excitation and conditioned responses?

    <p>Strong excitation is necessary for the formation and generalization of conditioned responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the nervous system's ability to work together?

    <p>It is a robust capacity for neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nervous system's ability to suppress or control responses?

    <p>It is important for conditioned inhibition, including extinction, differentiation, and delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Differences

    • Interindividual differences: variations between individuals in one or more traits, behaviors, or characteristics
    • Intraindividual differences: differences that are observed within the same person when they are assessed at different times or in different situations

    Important Terms

    • Trait: enduring patterns of behavior and thought that are relatively consistent over time and across various situations
    • Factor: a more-or-less enduring psychological characteristic that distinguishes one person from another and thus helps to define each person's individuality
    • Dimension: a continuum from minimum to maximum intensity of a given feature
    • Disposition: a construct used to describe the stability of human behavior over time
    • Type: the dominant quality or qualities distinguishing a person or a group

    Behavioral Genetics

    • Study of the biological basis of individual differences
    • B = f(GxE): behavior is a function of the interaction between genetic and environmental influences
    • Phenotype: the expression of an individual's genes in behavioral traits that can be measured
    • Phenotypic variance: the variation in behavioral traits that can be attributed to genetic and environmental influences
    • Heritability estimate: a statistical indicator of the influence of genetic factors on individual differences in behavioral traits

    Family Studies

    • Comparing pairs of people with different degrees of relatedness
    • Child shares genes (G) and environment (E) with parents

    Temperament

    • Has a biological basis
    • Universally present
    • Structured by several independent factors (e.g. extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism)
    • According to Eysenck, personality and temperament are synonymous, with temperament referring to the non-cognitive aspects of personality

    Personality Structure Model

    • Level of theoretical constructs (genotype) [L1]
    • Level of phenomena that can be observed in laboratory conditions [L2]
    • Level of traits resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment [L3]

    Dimensions of Personality

    • Extraversion: consists of features such as sociability, liveliness, activity, assertiveness, and sensation seeking
    • Neuroticism: consists of features such as anxiety, depression, guilt, low self-esteem, and tension
    • Psychoticism: directly related to pathology, including crime, psychopathy, and schizophrenia

    Conditioning

    • Introverts: generally easier to condition with unconditional stimuli of punitive nature
    • Extroverts: generally faster to condition with unconditional stimuli of rewarding nature

    Critical Remarks

    • Undermining the primacy of dimensions of E and N
    • Deviations in circadian patterns (I - higher arousal in the morning, E - higher arousal in the evening)
    • Different levels of activity during the day

    Inhibition Theory (Extraversion)

    • Postulates: individuals differ in the speed and strength with which excitation and inhibition arise and in the speed with which inhibition disappears
    • Individuals with weak, slowly developed excitation potential, with quickly rising strong reactive inhibition that disappears slowly, are predisposed to extraverted behavior patterns

    Activation Theory (Extraversion)

    • Source: the reticular system of the brain stem produces non-specific activation called cortical excitation, which is expressed in spontaneous electrical potentials of the brain
    • The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is responsible for individual differences in E-I, which regulates the level of cortical activation in response to external and internal stimuli

    Introduction to Personality

    • Enduring characteristics and behavior that comprise a person's unique adjustment to life
    • Construct used in order to explain the structure and development of personality

    Allport Definition of Personality

    • Dynamic organization within an individual, including mental systems that determine the individual's specific ways of adapting to the environment

    Studies in Personality Psychology

    • Nature and definition
    • Development
    • Structure
    • Trait constructs
    • Dynamic processes
    • Variations (with emphasis on enduring and stable individual differences)
    • Maladaptive forms

    Temperament according to Trait Theory

    • Starting point for personality shaping (includes basic and fundamental primary personality traits)
    • Temperament includes personality traits that are present from early childhood
    • Temperament includes those personality traits that have a biological basis

    Costa & McCrae Criteria

    • Presence of factors, manifested in stability, accuracy measured by the consistency of observers' opinions, and practical usefulness
    • Prevalence, the fact of occurring in numerous forms in all cultures, races, regardless of gender and age
    • Biological basis (usually limited to measurement based on the heritability index)

    Big Five

    • Openness to Experience: describes an individual's tendency to seek and positively evaluate life experiences, tolerance towards new things, and cognitive curiosity
    • Conscientiousness: degree of organization, perseverance, and motivation in goal-oriented activities
    • Extraversion: quality and quantity of social interactions, activity, energy, and the ability to feel positive emotions
    • Agreeableness: positive vs negative attitudes towards other people, interpersonal orientation
    • Neuroticism: emotional adjustment vs emotional imbalance

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Individual Differences Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of interindividual and intraindividual differences in psychology, with examples of how they are observed and studied.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser