Psychology of Individual Differences
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Questions and Answers

According to Ceci & Liker (1986), what can be an example of complex reasoning?

  • A student's understanding of mathematical equations
  • A child's learning to read
  • A gambler's thinking about horses' probability of winning (correct)
  • An adult's decision to start a new business

    • What is an example of an individual quality that can influence social interactions?

  • A child's academic achievement
  • A child's language skills
  • A child's shyness and inhibition (correct)
  • A child's physical appearance

    • What is an example of a stagelike, qualitative change in cognitive development?

  • Development of fine motor skills
  • Increased interest in reading
  • Shift from preoperational to concrete operational thought (correct)
  • Improvement in memory skills

    • What is a key concept in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory?

    <p>Bidirectional causality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be an outcome of changes in cognitive development?

    <p>New opportunities for learning and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a proximal process in development?

    <p>A child's interaction with her microsystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence a child's cognitive development?

    <p>Both internal and external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of bidirectional causality in development?

    <p>A continuous cycle of influence between child and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing intelligence, according to some researchers?

    <p>Genetic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common view on personality development?

    <p>Personality is primarily inherited through genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of early life events on psychological development?

    <p>They have a permanent effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much do people's personalities change over their lifetimes?

    <p>Very little</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do people go through the same stages of life?

    <p>Yes, everyone follows the same stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between genes and personality development?

    <p>Genes interact with environment to shape personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on social development?

    <p>Social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential implication of holding the belief that a person's intellectual capacity can change and improve over time?

    <p>Taking a skill-building approach to presenting problems involving knowledge or ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of individual differences?

    <p>People's differences in personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can impair critical thinking in reflective practice?

    <p>Being busy and feeling overwhelmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a way to counteract the misapplication of personal views?

    <p>Practicing self-monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might helping professionals be reluctant to give up their personal theories?

    <p>They are ingrained and difficult to change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of examining one's beliefs about development?

    <p>To better understand the implications of one's theories on client care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of believing that intelligence is fixed and not amenable to improvement?

    <p>Helping clients cope with and adjust to cognitive limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that suggests physical characteristics are primarily inherited through genes?

    <p>Genetic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of being aware of one's personal theories and recognizing they are only one of many possibilities?

    <p>Self-monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A child who is shy and inhibited will often receive more support from others when they need it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changes in cognitive development are always continuous and graded.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bidirectional causality only occurs between the child and their microsystems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person's intellectual capacity cannot change and improve over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individual differences in cognitive development are solely determined by genetic factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proximal processes only occur in cognitive development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person's personality is fixed and unchangeable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Critical thinking is only impaired by genetics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increase in testosterone levels can be a result of social change.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multidimensional theories of development portray the developing person as a fixed entity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bidirectional causality implies that only external factors influence development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individual differences can influence social interactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive development only involves incremental and continuous changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The environment plays no role in shaping an individual's development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental changes are always permanent and irreversible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals play no active role in their own development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vines grow in a fixed direction without being influenced by their environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multidimensional theories of development have similar fundamental assumptions and characteristics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The growth of the vine does not affect the growth of the trees and other plants in the forest.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bioecological theory is not a multidimensional theory of development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proximal processes have a more significant impact on development than distal processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bidirectional causality is a one-way process where the environment influences the individual.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individual differences do not play a role in development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive development is separate from emotional development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Individual Qualities and Reasoning

    • A person's reasoning abilities can vary across different contexts, such as a gambler's complex reasoning about horse racing, but not displaying similar complex reasoning in other areas.
    • Demand characteristics, or behavioral tendencies, can influence how others react to an individual, such as a shy child receiving less attention and support.

    Change and Development

    • Changes in an individual can be emergent, stagelike, and qualitative (e.g., shift from preoperational to concrete operational thought) or continuous and graded (e.g., shifts in academic interest).
    • Both types of change result from proximal processes, influenced by internal and external causes.
    • Once changes occur, the individual brings new resources to these proximal processes, leading to further learning and development.

    Bioecological Theory of Development

    • Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory emphasizes the interplay between internal and external influences on the developing child over time.
    • The theory highlights the bidirectional causality between adjacent levels and within the same level.

    Implicit Theories and Critical Thinking

    • Implicit theories or personal beliefs about development can shape one's worldview and influence behavior.
    • Holding a fixed or growth mindset about intelligence can impact one's approach to problem-solving and helping others.
    • Critical thinking and reflective practice require self-monitoring and awareness of one's implicit theories and their limitations.
    • Recognizing that personal theories are only one of many possibilities is essential for effective practice.

    Individual Qualities

    • A person's reasoning abilities can be complex in one context, but not in others (e.g., a gambler analyzing horse racing probabilities)
    • Demand characteristics, such as shyness or outgoingness, can influence how others react to an individual
    • Shyness can have biological roots and affect how much attention and support a person receives

    Types of Change

    • Changes can be emergent (qualitative, stagelike) or continuous (graded, incremental)
    • Examples of emergent changes include shifts from preoperational to concrete operational thought
    • Proximal processes (interactions between the individual and their environment) influence change

    Bidirectionality

    • Changes in an individual can lead to new experiences and learning opportunities
    • The individual's new resources (e.g., concrete operational thought) influence proximal processes
    • Bidirectional causality exists between different levels and parts of the system (e.g., biology, environment)

    Multidimensional Models

    • These models acknowledge and integrate various types of change (qualitative, incremental, reversible)
    • Examples of multidimensional models include transactional theory, relational theory, dialectical theory, bioecological theory, and more
    • These models share fundamental assumptions and characteristics, but provide different levels of detail on various aspects of development

    Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory

    • This theory proposes a multidimensional model of development, with internal and external influences
    • Figure 1.2 illustrates the bidirectional relationships between the individual, microsystems, and external influences

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    Description

    This quiz explores how individual qualities, such as cognitive abilities and personality traits, influence behavior and decision-making. It covers topics like complex reasoning, demand characteristics, and biological roots of traits like shyness.

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