Psychology: Learning Theories Overview

Adding a reward to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Removing something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Giving an unpleasant consequence to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Removing something desirable to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

The gradual shaping of behavior through a series of successive approximations.

Learning by observing and imitating the behaviors of others.

The ability to remember information, events, and experiences.

The process of converting sensory information into a form that the nervous system can store and process.

The initial stage of memory where information is briefly stored after sensory input.

The ability to hold a limited amount of information for a short period of time, around 30 seconds.

The storage system with a seemingly unlimited capacity and duration, holding long-term memories.

Memories that involve conscious recollection of facts, events, and personal experiences.

Memories tied to specific personal experiences and their context.

Memories of general knowledge, facts, and concepts.

Memories that influence behavior without conscious awareness.

Memories of personal experiences and observations.

Roles that are assigned to us based on factors like gender, family, nationality, or race.

Roles that we choose to take on, based on our preferences and decisions.

Groups beyond the primary family unit that influence personality development, such as school or a new community.

The impact of culture on shaping an individual's personality.

Enduring personality traits that distinguish individuals along various dimensions.

Temporary changes in personality, often influenced by external factors.

The tendency to respond in a similar way to various situations.

A temporary shift in personality, caused by situational factors.

A personality trait characterized by a tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, depression, guilt, and low self-esteem.

A personality trait characterized by a tendency to be aggressive, cold, egocentric, and impulsive.

A personality theory that suggests five broad traits are sufficient to describe human personality: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

A personality trait characterized by a preference for novelty, variety, and trying new things.

A personality trait characterized by a tendency to be organized, responsible, and reliable.

A personality trait characterized by a preference for social interaction, excitement, and stimulation.

A personality trait characterized by a tendency to be cooperative, empathetic, and trusting.

A personality theory that emphasizes the classification of different personality types.

A. Activating Event: The trigger or situation that initiates an emotional response. B. Belief System: The individual's interpretation of the event, which shapes their thoughts and feelings. C. Emotional Consequence: The resulting emotional response, caused by the interaction of the event and belief system.

A therapeutic approach focusing on identifying and changing irrational beliefs that contribute to emotional distress.

A therapeutic approach based on the idea that negative thought patterns can cause emotional distress and that changing these thoughts can improve mental well-being.

A theory emphasizing the impact of social experiences on personality development throughout the lifespan.

The conscious sense of self that is shaped through social interaction, it is constantly evolving based on our experiences.

A psychological theory that underscores the role of free will and subjective experiences in shaping behavior

A concept indicating the highest level of human potential, characterized by individuals who are self-aware, accepting, responsible, and fulfilled.

A profound and transformative experience that expands one's sense of self, connection to the world, and meaning in life.

During this stage, children are focused on sexual exploration and development. It is characterized by the Oedipus and Electra complexes, where children develop feelings for the opposite-sex parent.

Children suppress their sexual desires and focus on social and intellectual development. This stage is characterized by a period of calm compared to the earlier stages.

The final stage of psychosexual development, marked by a return of sexual interests and the emergence of mature sexual relationships. Individuals seek pleasure and intimacy outside of the family.

This theory emphasizes the role of birth order in shaping personality. It suggests that each position in the family structure brings unique challenges and opportunities.

This concept suggests that children need to idealize and identify with figures like parents or older siblings in order to develop a strong sense of self.

Horney proposed that everyone has two images of themselves, one based on reality and the other on social expectations.

This theory emphasizes the power of external stimuli and consequences in shaping behavior. It views personality as the result of learned associations and conditioning.

This is a type of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.