Psychology Chapter on Learning Theories

Questions and Answers

The _____ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African Americans.

Contemporized themes

In the ____ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urge resurfaces.

genital

Karen Horney suggested that coping strategies can become neurotic if used rigidly and compulsively.

True

Who is the best sister ever?

Jackie Signup and view all the answers

What is latency?

Latency Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes the object of fear to the student. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The steps of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. Change the word 'recall' to the word _____.

rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our conscious. Signup and view all the answers

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children model aggressive behavior _____.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush. Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response. The word 'Acquisition' should be changed to the word _____.

Recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be conditioned responses. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear. Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learning to associate events that repeatedly happen together. Change 'operant' to _____.

classical Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principle of classical conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

Going to the cafeteria to see if the next meal is ready represents what kind of schedule?

Fixed interval Signup and view all the answers

A teenager receives an allowance every Saturday. What type of schedule does this represent?

Fixed interval Signup and view all the answers

A blueberry picker receives $1 after filling 3 pint boxes. What type of schedule does this represent?

Fixed ratio Signup and view all the answers

Josh's final grade improves 1 level for every 3 book reports submitted. What type of schedule does this represent?

Fixed ratio Signup and view all the answers

A charitable organization makes an average of 10 calls for every donation it receives. What kind of schedule is this?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior is associated with a consequence. What kind of learning is this?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcement and punishment. Signup and view all the answers

According to Albert Bandura _____.

Learning can occur by watching others modeling what they do or say. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following experiments involves the use of the social learning theory?

Pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the statements about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?

He agreed with John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect?

Encoding refers to only visual input. Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Change the word 'transitional' to the word _____.

sensory Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as _____.

acquisition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?

He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove fear is both instinct and reflex. Signup and view all the answers

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in _____.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running. Signup and view all the answers

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

Another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain identifies colors more readily than words. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Stroop effect is true?

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

Try to recall them all at once with no strategy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

Fear is a conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In social learning theory, B.F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic. Change the name 'B.F. Skinner' to _____.

Albert Bandura Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about B.F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principle of operant conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of _____ encoding.

semantic Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. Change the word 'long-term' to _____.

declarative Signup and view all the answers

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete the same task?

Equipotentiality hypothesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

Memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

Developmental psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?

Freud. Signup and view all the answers

In the study of personality, the _____ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.

Five Factor Signup and view all the answers

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the _____ trait.

neuroticism Signup and view all the answers

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _____

Personality. Signup and view all the answers

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the _____ trait.

conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of _____

Social psychology. Signup and view all the answers

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the _____ trait.

extroversion Signup and view all the answers

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorists listed first.

Wundt, Freud, Chomsky Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by _____

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?

Knowing your opinion is correct. Signup and view all the answers

What do structuralism, gestalt psychology, and Freud have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding inner experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Why is psychology considered a social science?

Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

Favoring women over men. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

It is overly subjective. Signup and view all the answers

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through:

The use of reinforcement and punishment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed gestalt psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorists all focus on _____

Psychological responses that result in action. Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in _____ ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

Cognitive Signup and view all the answers

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a _____ design.

Longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

______ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.

Archival Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

Watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

Experimental studies. Signup and view all the answers

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called _____

Replication. Signup and view all the answers

______ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

Correlation Signup and view all the answers

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is _____

between -1 and +1. Signup and view all the answers

A negative correlation means _____

one variable decreases as the other increases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

+.2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

-.9 Signup and view all the answers

A _____ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.

Scatterplot Signup and view all the answers

On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near a straight sloped line indicates _____

a strong correlation. Signup and view all the answers

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that _____

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Signup and view all the answers

A _____ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Confounding variable Signup and view all the answers

Sandra writes a paper using the sources that find a negative association with daycare attendance. This is an example of _____

Confirmation bias. Signup and view all the answers

A basic experiment involves a minimum of _____ participation groups.

two. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ group does not get the experimental treatment.

Control Signup and view all the answers

An _____ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

Operational definition Signup and view all the answers

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participants' beliefs and/or the experimenters' beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a _____ study.

Double-blind Signup and view all the answers

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes _____

Placebo effect. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is controlled by the experimenter.

Independent variable Signup and view all the answers

Who developed social cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura. Signup and view all the answers

Self-efficacy is _____

Our level of confidence in our own ability. Signup and view all the answers

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, _____ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B.F. Skinner. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

Collective unconscious. Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Julian Rotter. Signup and view all the answers

An archetype is a _____

Pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies. Signup and view all the answers

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Sigmund Freud. Signup and view all the answers

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the _____

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Signup and view all the answers

Carl Jung referred to the _____ as the mask we adopt.

Persona. Signup and view all the answers

A(n) _____ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

Inferiority. Signup and view all the answers

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the _____ stage of her psychosexual development.

Oral. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is composed of a series of true or false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Signup and view all the answers

If parents are too lenient in the _____ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

Anal. Signup and view all the answers

______ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

Congruence. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ inkblot test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach. Signup and view all the answers

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school?

Latency. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

The instructor uses a red shirt on exam days to classically condition a student's fear of exams.
Ivan Pavlov's dogs experiment showed that learning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Eyewitness Testimony

Eyewitness testimony's reliability is affected by the power of suggestion.

Memory Processes

Recall involves retrieving information, while rehearsal is the conscious repetition that moves info from short-term to long-term memory.
Explicit memories are conscious, whereas implicit memories are automatic and unconscious.

Children may model aggressive behavior after seeing rewards for such actions.
Albert Bandura emphasized learning through observation of others' behaviors.

Operant Conditioning

Rewarding behaviors, such as finishing oatmeal, exemplifies operant conditioning.
Behavior is motivated by consequences, which can be reinforcements or punishments.

Critical Experiments and Theories

John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment demonstrated that emotions can be conditioned responses.
The unethical aspect of Watson's experiment involved inducing fear in a child.

Encoding and Memory Stages

Memory must pass through sensory, short-term, and long-term stages for proper storage.
The levels of processing theory emphasizes deep connections for better memory retention.

Psychological Models and Theories

Sigmund Freud explored the unconscious mind, proposing methods like dreams and free association.
Carl Jung introduced concepts like archetypes and the collective unconscious.

Research Methodologies

Longitudinal designs follow subjects over time to track development.
Naturalistic observations provide insights by studying real-life settings without interference.

Correlation and Causation

Correlation does not imply causation; confounding variables can mislead interpretations of relationships.
A correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of relationships.

Personality Psychology

Five-factor model identifies dimensions: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
Research in social psychology examines prejudice, attraction, and interpersonal conflict resolution.

Psychological Assessments

The MMPI is used for clinical profiling based on true/false responses.
The Rorschach inkblot test assesses unconscious desires through interpretation of symmetrical images.

Developmental Stages

Freud's psychosexual stages include oral, anal, latency, and genital phases, influencing personality.
Strategies to cope with problems, if used rigidly, can lead to neurotic behaviors.

Miscellaneous Facts

Behaviorism focuses on observable actions rather than unobservable mental processes.
Confirmation bias occurs when individuals seek evidence that supports their existing beliefs.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in psychology related to various learning theories, including classical and operant conditioning, social learning, and memory processes. Test your understanding of influential experiments and the effects of suggestion on memory and testimony.