Psychology Learning Theories

<p>To decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discriminative stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement is contingent on the first response after a constant period of time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of required responses for reinforcement is unpredictable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latent learning occurs without any reinforcement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fire in response to the behavior of others, facilitating learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optimal timing and awareness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can decrease the likelihood of a behavior repeating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement occurs at irregular time intervals based on a mean. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning to ride a bike through practice without focusing on the mechanics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviors followed by a satisfying state are likely to be repeated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giving a dog a treat for sitting on command. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency and timing of reinforcements given to increase a behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Punishment by removal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear of white rats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing time-out as a consequence for misbehavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable ratio schedule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A method of learning that occurs through the consequences of behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stimulus that satisfies a biological need. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of a discriminative stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a stimulus linked to primary reinforcers through classical conditioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be more complex and depends on the frequency of reinforcement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interval schedules are based on time intervals between reinforcements, while ratio schedules depend on the ratio of responses to reinforcements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first response after a fixed amount of time is reinforced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable-ratio schedule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latent learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning that happens without awareness of the process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable-interval schedules change the length of the interval unpredictably. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychology must adopt a scientific method to be effective. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of individuals learning a single behavior sequentially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviors followed by a satisfying state are likely to be repeated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Awareness and attention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placing animals in puzzle boxes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albert learned to associate fear with a white rat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cats became more orderly and efficient at escaping. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The focus on observable actions rather than internal states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operational conditioning techniques. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual reinforcement of successful behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconditioned response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The re-emergence of a conditioned response after a rest period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observing a conditioned response to similar stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response after conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual elimination of the conditioned response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioning a new stimulus with an already established conditioned stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The elimination of a response due to prolonged exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To differentiate between similar but distinct stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A learning process where behaviour is influenced by its consequences. Rewarding behaviors increase their frequency, while unrewarded or punished behaviors decrease.

A stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

A stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

A stimulus that signals whether a response will be reinforced.

Patterns of reinforcement, either based on time intervals (interval) or the number of responses (ratio).

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time, regardless of the number of responses.

Reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time, making it unpredictable.

Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses.

Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses, making it unpredictable.

Learning by watching and imitating others' behaviors.

Learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated.

A mental representation of a physical environment.

Learning that happens without awareness of the process or outcome.

The amygdala is a brain region that plays a crucial role in learning fear responses.

Watson advocated for a behaviorist approach to psychology, emphasizing observable behaviors over internal mental processes.

A learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus, such as fear conditioning.

Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative consequences are less likely.

Experiments using enclosed boxes that required animals to perform actions to escape, to study learning.

Skinner expanded on operant conditioning, focusing on reinforcement and punishment.

A classic experiment demonstrating how fear can be conditioned in humans.

Learning is the process of acquiring new knowledge, skills, or responses through experience, resulting in a relatively permanent change in the learner's state.

Habituation is a process where repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a gradual decrease in the response.

Sensitization is a form of learning where the presentation of a stimulus increases the response to a later stimulus.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural response to another stimulus.

The US is a stimulus that reliably produces a natural, unlearned response in an organism.

The UR is the natural, unlearned response to an Unconditioned Stimulus.

The CS is a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the US and eventually elicits a response.

The CR is the learned response that is similar to the UR but is elicited by the CS.

Acquisition is the phase in classical conditioning where the CS and US are repeatedly paired together to establish the association.

Extinction is the gradual decrease in the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.

Actions an organism takes that have an impact on the environment. It is a way of learning through consequences.

A stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of a specific behaviour.

A stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of a specific behaviour.

Primary reinforcers meet basic needs (food, warmth). Secondary reinforcers are learned through association (money, praise).

Watson argued that psychology was failing to achieve true scientific status because its reliance on introspection was unreliable and didn't yield practical findings.

The Law of Effect states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated.

A puzzle box is a sealed enclosure that requires an animal to perform a specific action, like pressing a lever, to escape. It was used to study learning by analyzing how effectively animals learned to escape over time.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where the consequences of an organism's behaviors determine whether the behavior will be repeated.

Fear conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus, like a white rat, becomes associated with a negative, aversive experience, like a loud noise, leading to a learned fear response to the previously neutral stimulus.

A conditioned emotional response is a learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus, such as the fear of a white rat in Little Albert's case.

The amygdala is a part of the brain that plays a central role in processing emotions, especially fear. It helps us learn and remember fear responses.

In the Little Albert experiment, Watson and Rayner demonstrated that a 9-month-old baby could be conditioned to fear a white rat by associating it with a loud noise. This showed that fear could be learned through classical conditioning.

Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe another individual performing the same action. These neurons are thought to play a role in observational learning.