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What is the name of the Russian psychologist who studied classical conditioning in dogs?
What is the name of the Russian psychologist who studied classical conditioning in dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the stimulus that naturally evokes a response?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the stimulus that naturally evokes a response?
Unconditioned stimulus
What is the term for the response that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus?
What is the term for the response that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus?
Unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit the conditioned response?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit the conditioned response?
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What is the term for the learned response that occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus?
What is the term for the learned response that occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus?
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What is the process of gradually reducing the conditioned response by presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus called?
What is the process of gradually reducing the conditioned response by presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus called?
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What is the name of the behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
What is the name of the behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
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What is the term for the process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior?
What is the term for the process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior?
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What is the term for a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses?
What is the term for a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses?
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What is the term for a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific amount of time has elapsed?
What is the term for a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific amount of time has elapsed?
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What is the term for a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses?
What is the term for a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses?
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What is the term for the schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed?
What is the term for the schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed?
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Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by adding a positive stimulus.
Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by adding a positive stimulus.
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Punishment weakens a behavior by removing a positive stimulus.
Punishment weakens a behavior by removing a positive stimulus.
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Which of the following is NOT a cognitive factor that influences behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a cognitive factor that influences behavior?
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What is the term for the process by which we learn from observing others?
What is the term for the process by which we learn from observing others?
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What is the term for the process by which we observe and imitate the behavior of others?
What is the term for the process by which we observe and imitate the behavior of others?
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Who is credited with developing the Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning and modeling?
Who is credited with developing the Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning and modeling?
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What is the term for the process by which we use mental representations and cognitive processes to interpret and understand the world around us?
What is the term for the process by which we use mental representations and cognitive processes to interpret and understand the world around us?
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The stream of consciousness is a continuous flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations, often influenced by external stimuli and internal drives.
The stream of consciousness is a continuous flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations, often influenced by external stimuli and internal drives.
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What is the term for the process by which we actively engage in thinking about our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
What is the term for the process by which we actively engage in thinking about our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
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Problem-solving requires identifying the problem clearly and using appropriate strategies to find a solution.
Problem-solving requires identifying the problem clearly and using appropriate strategies to find a solution.
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What is the term for the mental shortcut that relies on readily available information, potentially leading to biased judgments?
What is the term for the mental shortcut that relies on readily available information, potentially leading to biased judgments?
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What is the term for the cognitive bias that influences our judgments based on how well something matches an existing stereotype or prototype?
What is the term for the cognitive bias that influences our judgments based on how well something matches an existing stereotype or prototype?
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Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition characterized by anxiety, fear, and avoidance related to a traumatic event.
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition characterized by anxiety, fear, and avoidance related to a traumatic event.
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What are some professions or occupations that are at a higher risk of experiencing PTSD due to their exposure to traumatic events?
What are some professions or occupations that are at a higher risk of experiencing PTSD due to their exposure to traumatic events?
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Substance use disorder is a mental health condition characterized by continued use of a substance, despite negative consequences, leading to impairment in various areas of life.
Substance use disorder is a mental health condition characterized by continued use of a substance, despite negative consequences, leading to impairment in various areas of life.
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Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the co-morbidity of PTSD and substance use disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the co-morbidity of PTSD and substance use disorder?
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Stigmatization refers to negative attitudes and stereotypes attached to a group of individuals or a particular condition, leading to prejudice and discrimination.
Stigmatization refers to negative attitudes and stereotypes attached to a group of individuals or a particular condition, leading to prejudice and discrimination.
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The sequential model of treatment focuses on addressing specific symptoms, while the integrated model of treatment aims to address multiple factors contributing to a condition.
The sequential model of treatment focuses on addressing specific symptoms, while the integrated model of treatment aims to address multiple factors contributing to a condition.
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Study Notes
Learning
- Learning is influenced by outcomes, past experiences, and reinforcement.
- Shaping, extinction, stimulus generalization, and discrimination are characteristics of learning.
- The ABC model (antecedent, behavior, consequence) describes how something happens, a behavioral response, and the consequence.
- Reinforcement can be immediate or delayed.
- Intermittent reinforcement schedules involve fixed ratio (number of responses), fixed interval (time), variable ratio (number of responses), and variable interval (time).
Classical Conditioning
- Pairing an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) with a neutral stimulus (NS) to evoke a conditioned response (CR) over time.
- Pavlov's research on digestion in dogs involved observing digestive responses to stimuli.
- Key terms include neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.
- Drops of saliva is a dependent variable.
Operant Conditioning
- B.F. Skinner's behavioral theory focused on how consequences shape behavior.
- Learning involves consequences (something happens, behavioral response, consequence).
Other Characteristics of Learning
- Positive reinforcement: Increasing responses by strengthening them.
- Negative reinforcement: Increasing responses by removing aversive stimuli.
- Punishment: Reducing the tendency to make a response.
- Negative punishment: Removal of a rewarding stimulus.
- Observational learning: Learning by observing others' behaviors and consequences.
- Role modeling is important.
- Cognitive factors (knowledge, expectations, attitudes)
- Environmental factors (social norms, influences from others)
- Behavioral factors (skills, practice, self-efficacy) are also significant.
Thought and Language
- Thought and language are highly interrelated.
- Language is used to express thoughts and communicate.
- Language involves abilities for communication and cognition, including the expression and conveyance of thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and emotions.
- Language is a unique human capacity.
- Biologically predestined yet learned.
- Different levels of language system exist.
- Interplay in nature and nurture.
- The process of acquiring language is influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental factors.
PTSD and Substance Use
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often triggered by traumatic exposure (death, threatened death, serious injury, or threat of sexual violence).
- Substance use disorders (SUDs) can be a consequence of dealing with trauma exposure and increase anxiety and arousal reactions.
- A causal model proposes that substance use can result in high-risk behavior, increasing the risk of trauma exposure; thus, creating a cycle that intensifies both PTSD and SUD.
- Increased prevalence, risk of operational stress injuries, unique risks to corrective workers, increased prevalence of substance abuse, and a lack of social support are significant issues to consider.
Mental Health Stigmatization
- Mental health stigmatization involves prejudice and discrimination toward individuals with mental illness.
- Public stigma occurs when individuals believe negative stereotypes about individuals who seek mental health services.
- Self-stigma is when an individual internalizes negative public stigma toward mental health individuals .
- Label avoidance happens when people with mental health problems are reluctant to get the help they need because of stigma.
- Sequentail and integrated models of treatment provide options for addressing stigma.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of learning and classical conditioning in psychology. This quiz examines key terms like reinforcement, stimulus pairing, and the ABC model that outline behavioral responses and outcomes. Test your knowledge of Pavlov's experiments and various reinforcement schedules.
