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Questions and Answers
Psychologists define learning as the process of?
Psychologists define learning as the process of?
- Responding to external stimuli
- Acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors (correct)
- Adapting to the environment
- Reinforcing behavioral response
If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates?
If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates?
- Observational learning
- Spontaneous recovery
- Operant conditioning
- Associative learning (correct)
In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that?
In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that?
- Evokes a response (correct)
- Triggers imitation
- Elicits operant behavior
- Signals a reinforcer
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates?
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates?
Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the unconditioned stimulus (US) was?
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the unconditioned stimulus (US) was?
In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)?
In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)?
In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a __________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the __________.
In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a __________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the __________.
Extinction occurs when a _______ is no longer paired with a ________.
Extinction occurs when a _______ is no longer paired with a ________.
Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)?
Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)?
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as _________ is to ___________.
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as _________ is to ___________.
Positive reinforcers _______ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding.
Positive reinforcers _______ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding.
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a __________ reinforcer.
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a __________ reinforcer.
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)?
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)?
A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a __________ schedule.
A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a __________ schedule.
A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ______ schedule.
A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ______ schedule.
Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called?
Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called?
After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a?
After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a?
Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of?
Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of?
Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for?
Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for?
The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on?
The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on?
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used?
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used?
Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions?
Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions?
Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ______.
Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ______.
Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires?
Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires?
Explicit memory is also known as?
Explicit memory is also known as?
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ____________ memory.
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ____________ memory.
George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ___________ memory.
George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ___________ memory.
Chunking refers to?
Chunking refers to?
A mnemonic is a?
A mnemonic is a?
Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn?
Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn?
Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates?
Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates?
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates?
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates?
The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the _________ effect.
The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the _________ effect.
An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called?
An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called?
Proactive interference refers to the?
Proactive interference refers to the?
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called?
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called?
When working on an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of?
When working on an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of?
Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with?
Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with?
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called?
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called?
The occasional experience of sleep paralysis is most likely as you awaken from?
The occasional experience of sleep paralysis is most likely as you awaken from?
Forty year old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably?
Forty year old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably?
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the?
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the?
People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ___________ risk of depression and a(n) ___________ risk of obesity.
People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ___________ risk of depression and a(n) ___________ risk of obesity.
Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person?
Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person?
In which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep?
In which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep?
The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of?
The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of?
Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of?
Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of?
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Study Notes
Learning and Conditioning
- Learning is defined as acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.
- Associative learning occurs when an organism connects certain events in their environment, exemplified by the sea slug's strengthened withdrawal response after receiving electric shocks post-water squirts.
- In classical conditioning, neutral stimuli can evoke a response when paired reliably with unconditional stimuli, triggering learned behaviors.
Memory and Recall
- Unconditioned responses are automatic responses to stimuli, such as sweating in hot weather.
- Explicit memory is often called declarative memory and is accessed through conscious recall.
- Memory recall is enhanced when environmental context matches the conditions during encoding.
- The serial position effect illustrates that individuals recall the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Positive reinforcers increase the likelihood of a behavior, while negative reinforcers do so by removing adverse stimuli.
- Fixed-ratio schedules reinforce behaviors after a specified number of responses, while variable-ratio schedules provide reinforcement after unpredictable responses.
Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
- Circadian rhythms regulate sleep patterns, influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins signaling the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
- REM sleep is characterized by fast, jerky eye movements and vivid dreaming, crucial for emotional regulation.
- Disorders such as narcolepsy involve uncontrollable sleep attacks, while sleep apnea involves repeated cessation of breathing during sleep.
Drug Dependency
- Tolerance develops when increasing doses of a drug are required to achieve the same effects, indicating physiological adaptations.
- Addiction is characterized by a compulsive craving for and use of a substance, deeply impacting behavior and bodily functions.
Neural Mechanisms of Learning
- Mirror neurons are linked to observational learning; they configure understanding by mimicking observed behaviors.
- Cognitive mapping allows individuals to visualize spatial relationships, aiding navigation through environments, like a college campus layout.
Memory Processing
- Chunking organizes information into meaningful units, improving short-term memory retention.
- The hippocampus plays a vital role in forming new memories; damage to this area can hinder the recollection of newly acquired information.
Interference in Memory
- Proactive interference occurs when prior learning disrupts recall of new information, while retroactive interference affects memory of previously learned information due to new learning.
- State-dependent memory suggests that retrieval is easier when a person is in the same state as when the memory was formed.
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