Psychology Classical Conditioning Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What defines the process of learning?

A process where behavior or knowledge changes due to experience (correct)

Changing behavior based solely on instinct

Inheriting knowledge from previous generations

Responding to stimuli without any change in behavior

Which statement correctly describes the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that elicits a learned reflex

Any random stimulus introduced during conditioning

A stimulus that causes no response initially

A stimulus that triggers a natural response (correct)

In classical conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus (NS) prior to conditioning?

A stimulus that always causes a reaction

A stimulus that does not elicit any significant response (correct)

A stimulus that produces a response after conditioning

A stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned response

What is the main difference between unconditioned response (UR) and conditioned response (CR)?

UR is a natural response while CR is learned Signup and view all the answers

How does classical conditioning provide an evolutionary advantage?

It allows organisms to adapt their responses for survival Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a conditioned response (CR) in relation to fear?

Freezing at the sound of a predator cue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process that makes a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

It must be paired with an unconditioned stimulus in a way that elicits a learned response Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what happens during the 'pairing' phase?

The neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of acquisition in classical conditioning?

The initial phase where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process where a conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

Stimulus generalization allows which of the following behaviors?

Exhibiting a broad response to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical conditioning, what does discrimination refer to?

The ability to distinguish between different stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Hebb Rule relate to classical conditioning?

It suggests that weak neural connections strengthen when paired with strong ones. Signup and view all the answers

What role do negative political advertisements play in conditioning?

They pair negative images with negative emotions towards opponents. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies stimulus discrimination?

A dog salivates to a tone of 1200 Hz but not to 1100 Hz or 1300 Hz. Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period. Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the process of conditioned taste aversion?

A person becoming nauseous after eating a certain food following illness. Signup and view all the answers

What does evaluative conditioning aim to achieve?

Pairing neutral stimuli with emotional stimuli to influence feelings. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes stimulus generalization?

It broadens the range of responses to similar stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, behavior is influenced by:

Consequences that follow a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What potential outcome can attack ads have on voters, according to conditioning principles?

They may primarily reinforce existing beliefs rather than change opinions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of schemas in memory?

They assist in encoding and recalling personal memories. Signup and view all the answers

How do schemas influence memory retrieval?

They serve as cues to help trigger the recall of related information. Signup and view all the answers

What can result from schema-driven memory processing?

Filling in memory gaps with incorrect details. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do self-schemas typically begin to develop?

Around 18-24 months Signup and view all the answers

What effect does imagining an event have on false memories?

It increases confidence in a false memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of positive reinforcement?

Increased likelihood of behavior recurring Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the recommendations for improving eyewitness memory accuracy?

Conduct sequential lineups. Signup and view all the answers

What does negative punishment involve?

Removing a stimulus to decrease behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of cultural differences on self-schema development?

They affect the emergence of autobiographical memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of escape learning?

Covering ears to avoid loud music Signup and view all the answers

What is the DRM paradigm used to illustrate?

The tendency to recall false information. Signup and view all the answers

According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, behaviors followed by what are likely to be repeated?

Satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, discrimination refers to:

Responding to one specific stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What does the term shaping refer to in operant conditioning?

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reinforcer?

A stimulus that satisfies basic survival needs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule reinforces a behavior after a variable number of responses?

Variable-Ratio Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during extinction in operant conditioning?

Behavior decreases when reinforcement stops Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes delayed reinforcement?

Slows down the learning of behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of reward devaluation?

Decreases the appeal of a reward over time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of continuous reinforcement?

Getting paid after every task completed Signup and view all the answers

What role do discriminative stimuli play in operant conditioning?

Indicate when reinforcement is likely based on behavior Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what does the term 'chaining' refer to?

Linking multiple shaped behaviors into a complex sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of interval schedules in reinforcement?

They result in slower responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which example represents a variable ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement?

Slot machines that pay out at unpredictable intervals. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of latent learning demonstrate?

Learning can occur without immediate reinforcement, but is revealed later. Signup and view all the answers

What role do mirror neurons play in observational learning?

They facilitate the understanding of others' intentions through observation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect observed in the serial position effect?

Better recall of the first items due to their entry into long-term memory. Signup and view all the answers

How does the hippocampus contribute to memory?

It facilitates the transfer of short-term memories into long-term storage. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model describe?

The stages of memory storage and their durations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of short-term memory according to the magical number seven?

It can retain approximately 7 items more effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What is proactive interference?

Older information blocks the learning of new information. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does repeated exposure to violent media have on behavior?

It normalizes aggression and reduces inhibition towards it. Signup and view all the answers

What does the capacity of the visuospatial sketchpad typically represent?

The ability to remember approximately 4 visual objects at once. Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of the echoic memory system?

It retains auditory information for about 5-10 seconds. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle explains that neurons that activate together strengthen their connections?

Hebbian Theory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of chunking in memory processing?

It helps organize information into meaningful units to improve retrieval. Signup and view all the answers

What does reconsolidation do to existing memories?

It updates or strengthens them. Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia prevents the formation of new memories after brain injury?

Anterograde Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines infantile amnesia?

The inability to remember events from early childhood. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Alzheimer's disease from general dementia?

Alzheimer's specifically affects behavior and thinking due to brain cell damage. Signup and view all the answers

Which rehearsal technique improves long-term memory retention more effectively?

Elaborative Rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

How does the Levels of Processing theory categorize memory retention?

According to the depth of processing, shallow vs. deep. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor enhances memory retrieval significantly according to the Encoding Specificity Principle?

Matching encoding and retrieval conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of state-dependent memory?

Recalling a happy moment when in a joyful mood. Signup and view all the answers

What is flashbulb memory primarily associated with?

Vivid memories of emotionally significant events. Signup and view all the answers

What does the forgetting curve illustrate about memory retention?

Most information is forgotten quickly after learning. Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic technique involves associating information with specific locations?

Method of Loci Signup and view all the answers

What role do schemas play in memory?

They structure knowledge and beliefs, guiding attention and retrieval. Signup and view all the answers

Which form of memory retrieval is being tested when a student answers an essay question?

Recall Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is strongly associated with degradation of memory and cognitive function in older adults?

Dementia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning and Conditioning

Learning is a process where experience changes behavior or knowledge. This includes acquiring information, like math, and altering behavior in response to rewards or punishments.

Classical Conditioning (CC)

Classical conditioning is associating two stimuli, where one stimulus elicits a response originally caused by another.
Discovered by Ivan Pavlov in the late 1800s.
Example (Pavlov's Dogs):
- Before Conditioning: Meat powder (US) → Salivation (UR); Metronome (NS) → No salivation.
- During Conditioning: Pairing metronome (NS) with meat powder (US).
- After Conditioning: Metronome (CS) → Salivation (CR).

Core Concepts

Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food).
Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural response to the US (e.g., salivation).
Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially has no significant response (e.g., metronome).
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): NS becomes CS after association with US (e.g., metronome).
Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to the CS (e.g., salivation).

Distinguishing UR and CR

UR: Reflexive and natural.
CR: Learned and associated with the CS.

Evolutionary Functions of Conditioning

Food-Related Conditioning: CR prepares for digestion.
Fear Conditioning: CRs (e.g., freezing) improve survival.

Processes of Classical Conditioning

Acquisition: Initial phase of pairing NS and US to produce CR.
Extinction: Weakening of CR when CS is presented without US.
Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of CR after extinction & rest.
Generalization: CR to stimuli similar to CS.
Discrimination: CR only to the specific CS, not similar stimuli.

Stimulus Generalization

Responding to similar stimuli rather than the exact CS.
Flexible behavior.
Based on overlapping neural activation (Hebb's rule).

Stimulus Discrimination

Responding only to the specific CS, not similar stimuli.
Maintaining specificity in behavior.

Applications of Conditioning

Emotional Learning: Fears from conditioned associations.
Advertising: Using similar branding for positive responses.
Conditioned Taste Aversions: Avoiding food after illness.

Hebb Rule & Biological Basis

Hebb Rule: Neural connections strengthen with repeated pairing.
Biological Basis: Classical conditioning is observed across species.

Operant Conditioning

Definition: Behavior influenced by its consequences.
Key Difference: Voluntary actions vs. reflexive responses.
Contingency: Consequences depend on actions.
Reinforcement: Increases behavior.
Punishment: Decreases behavior.
Positive Reinforcement: Adding stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement: Removing stimulus.
Positive Punishment: Adding stimulus.
Negative Punishment: Removing stimulus.
Types of Negative Reinforcement:
Avoidance Learning: Preventing stimulus.
Escape Learning: Removing stimulus.

Operant Conditioning Tools

Thorndike's Law of Effect: Rewarded behaviors are repeated.
Skinner Box: Apparatus to study operant responses.

Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.
Step-by-step reinforcement for achieving complex behaviors.

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

Primary: Satisfy basic needs (food, water).
Secondary: Gain value by association (money, grades).

Dopamine and Operant Conditioning

Dopamine: Released during reinforcement, strengthens the behavior.
Links actions with rewards, motivating future behaviors.

Discriminative Stimuli

Cues that signal when reinforcement is available.
Discrimination: Learning response to only specific stimulus.
Generalization: Responding to similar stimuli.

Delayed Reinforcement and Extinction

Delayed Reinforcement: Slower learning from delays in rewards.
Extinction: Behavior decreases when reinforcement stops.

Reward Devaluation

Value of reward decreases over time, changing behavior.

Reinforcement Schedules

Rules for when behavior gets enforced.
- Continuous Reinforcement: Every response reinforced.
- Partial Reinforcement: Not all responses reinforced.
Fixed-Ratio (FR): Reinforcement after a set number of responses.
Variable-Ratio (VR): Reinforcement after varying number of responses.
Fixed-Interval (FI): Reinforcement after a set time.
Variable-Interval (VI): Reinforcement after varying time intervals.
Ratio schedules have higher response rates; interval schedules are slower.
Partial reinforcement makes behaviors more resistant to extinction.

Cognitive Perspectives on Learning

Latent Learning: Learning without immediate reinforcement.
S-O-R Theory: Cognitive processes during learning.
Observational Learning: Learning by observing others.
Components: Attention, memory, reproduction, motivation.
Imitation and Mirror Neurons: Mimicking behavior through neural activation.

Media Exposure and Aggressive Behavior

Passive vs. Interactive Media.
Imitation of behaviors, often violent.
Violent or aggressive content can normalize aggression.
Research challenges and desensitization.

Memory

Memory Systems: Sensory, short-term, and long-term.
Sensory Memory: Briefly holds sensory information.
- Iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory).
Short-Term Memory (STM): Holds limited info for 30 seconds.
- Chunking increases capacity.
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Stores info indefinitely.
- Capacity is unlimited.

Factors Influencing Retrieval

Quality of Encoding: Better encoding = easier recall.
Retrieval Strategies: Improve recall.
Serial Position Effect: Primacy (first) & recency (last) effects.

Forgetting

Proactive Interference: Old info interferes with new.
Retroactive Interference: New info interferes with old.

Neural Basis of Memory

Hippocampus: Transfers STM to LTM.
Frontal and temporal lobes are critical for STM.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): Strengthens neural connections.
Consolidation & Reconsolidation.
Types of Amnesia.

Memory Organization

Schemas: Mental Structures Organizing Knowledge.
Self-Schemas: Organized self-relevant information.
Schema-Driven Memory Processing: Encoding, storage, retrieval.
Constructive Memory: Filling in memory gaps with schemas.
Cultural Influences on Schemas.

Memory Reconstruction

Memories are not perfect recordings but reconstructions.
Influenced by biases, mental state, and self-view; Children as Eyewitnesses; Misinformation Effects; Questioning Techniques

Mnemonics

Method of Loci: Associating information with locations.
Acronyms: Creating words from first letters.
Dual Coding: Combining visual and verbal cues.

Memory Improvement Techniques

Rehearsal, Elaborative Rehearsal, Levels-of-Processing, Self-Reference effect, Retrieval, Encoding Specificity principle, Context-dependent Memory, State-Dependent Memory, Mood-Dependent Memory, Emotional Memories, Flashbulb Memories(vivid and detailed memories of significant emotional events).

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Description

Test your understanding of classical conditioning, a fundamental concept in psychology introduced by Ivan Pavlov. This quiz covers key components such as unconditioned and conditioned stimuli as well as responses. Enhance your knowledge of how learning and behaviors are shaped through this process.