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Questions and Answers
What type of motivation causes someone to participate in an activity for their own enjoyment rather than for any concrete, tangible reward?
Which type of motivation prompts a physician to work long hours due to love for medicine?
Which approach to motivation suggests that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives?
What do cognitive approaches to motivation suggest is the product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals?
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Which type of drives are related to maintaining the body's internal balance, such as hunger or thirst?
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What type of motivation causes someone to work hard for money, grades, or other concrete rewards?
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Which of the following best describes primary drives?
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What do instinct approaches to motivation suggest?
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What is homeostasis in the context of motivation?
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According to drive-reduction theories, what happens when there is a lack of a basic biological requirement?
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What distinguishes primary drives from secondary drives?
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How do secondary drives differ from primary drives?
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Which concept underlies primary drives by maintaining a steady internal state?
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What is the purpose of homeostasis in the body?
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How do arousal approaches differ from drive-reduction theories?
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What is the role of feedback loops in maintaining homeostasis?
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Which of the following needs operate via homeostasis?
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In the context of motivation, what do arousal approaches suggest when stimulation levels are too low?
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Study Notes
Instinct Theory of Motivation
- Initial attempts to explain motivation focused on instincts, which are biologically determined, inborn patterns of behavior essential for survival.
- Instincts provide the energy that directs behavior in appropriate ways.
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
- Proposed as a replacement for instinct theory, drive-reduction approaches suggest that a lack of basic biological requirements (e.g., water) produces a drive to fulfill that need.
- A drive is motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.
- Primary drives are related to biological needs of the body or species, such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex.
- Secondary drives, on the other hand, are driven by prior experience and learning, and fulfill no obvious biological need.
Homeostasis and Primary Drives
- Homeostasis, the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state, underlies primary drives.
- Feedback loops help maintain optimal body functioning, and deviations trigger adjustments to return to an optimal state.
- Many fundamental needs, including food, water, stable body temperature, and sleep, operate via homeostasis.
Arousal Approaches to Motivation
- Arousal approaches seek to explain behavior aimed at maintaining or increasing excitement.
- Each person tries to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity, and will seek to reduce or increase it depending on their current state.
- People vary widely in the optimal level of arousal they seek, with some individuals (e.g., thrill-seekers) requiring especially high levels.
Incentive Approaches to Motivation
- Incentive approaches suggest that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives.
- The desirable properties of external stimuli (e.g., grades, money, affection) drive motivation.
Cognitive Approaches to Motivation
- Cognitive approaches propose that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals (cognitions).
- There are two types of motivation: intrinsic (participating in an activity for personal enjoyment) and extrinsic (participating for a concrete, tangible reward).
- Intrinsic motivation tends to lead to greater perseverance, effort, and quality of work.
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Description
Explore the early approaches to motivation in psychology with theories based on instincts and drive reduction. Learn how psychologists initially explained motivation and its relationship to survival behaviors.
