Questions and Answers
What is classical conditioning?
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
A stimulus that automatically triggers a response.
Define an unconditioned response.
A reflex action innately elicited by a stimulus.
What is a neutral stimulus?
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Explain what a conditioned stimulus is.
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What is a conditioned response?
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What does the term generalization refer to in conditioning?
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What is extinction in classical conditioning?
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Define a reinforcer.
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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Describe higher order conditioning.
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What is vicarious conditioning?
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Explain biological preparedness.
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What is stimulus substitution?
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Define operant conditioning.
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What is the law of effect?
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What is reinforcement?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning Concepts
- Classical conditioning involves the pairing of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a response.
- The unconditioned stimulus (US) automatically triggers a reflexive response without prior learning, such as hunger from the smell of food.
- An unconditioned response (UR) is the innate reaction elicited by an unconditioned stimulus, e.g., salivation from food.
- A neutral stimulus initially produces no specific response but can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Learning and Responses
- A conditioned stimulus (CS) is a formerly neutral stimulus that, through association with the US, can evoke a learned response.
- Conditioned responses (CR) are learned reactions to conditioned stimuli.
- Generalization occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus evoke the conditioned response.
- Discrimination involves differentiating between stimuli; responding differently based on the stimulus presented.
Conditioning Dynamics
- Extinction is the reduction or disappearance of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
- A reinforcer is any event or object that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated when presented following a response.
- Spontaneous recovery refers to the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction has occurred.
- Higher-order conditioning involves pairing a strong conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.
Emotional and Vicarious Responses
- Conditioned emotional responses are emotional reactions that have become associated with learned stimuli.
- Vicarious conditioning occurs when a reflex response or emotion is classically conditioned by observing another's reaction.
Biological Influences and Theories
- Biological preparedness refers to an organism's innate tendencies to form certain associations, such as between taste and nausea.
- Stimulus substitution suggests that classical conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus replaces the unconditioned stimulus due to close pairing.
Operant Conditioning Principles
- Operant conditioning involves learning through voluntary behavior influenced by the consequences that follow responses.
- The law of effect states that actions followed by pleasurable outcomes are likely to be repeated, while those with unpleasant outcomes are less likely to recur.
- Operants are behaviors that are voluntary, in contrast to reflexive responses.
- Reinforcement strengthens responses and increases the probability of their recurrence.
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Test your knowledge on classical conditioning with these flashcards! Learn about key terms like conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus, essential for understanding Pavlovian concepts. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their learning.