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Questions and Answers
What is an event that leads to a certain predictable response usually without any previous training?
What is an event that leads to a certain predictable response usually without any previous training?
What is the reaction that occurs naturally when the unconditioned stimulus is presented?
What is the reaction that occurs naturally when the unconditioned stimulus is presented?
Unconditioned response (UR)
What is the term for a neutral event that elicits a given response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
What is the term for a neutral event that elicits a given response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
What is the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus?
What is the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus?
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What is the tendency to respond to a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus?
What is the tendency to respond to a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus?
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What is it called when an organism learns to respond differently to different stimuli?
What is it called when an organism learns to respond differently to different stimuli?
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What is the term for when the conditioned response dies out after stopping the pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus?
What is the term for when the conditioned response dies out after stopping the pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus?
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What is the term for when the conditioned response briefly reappears after a rest period?
What is the term for when the conditioned response briefly reappears after a rest period?
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Which of the following are considered secondary reinforcers?
Which of the following are considered secondary reinforcers?
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What are the two examples of primary reinforcers?
What are the two examples of primary reinforcers?
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What do we call the concept of doing something that generates a behavior?
What do we call the concept of doing something that generates a behavior?
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What is the term for taking something away to encourage a behavior, but it is not considered punishment?
What is the term for taking something away to encourage a behavior, but it is not considered punishment?
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What is the term for a consequence that strengthens a response?
What is the term for a consequence that strengthens a response?
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What is the term for learning through voluntary responses and their consequences?
What is the term for learning through voluntary responses and their consequences?
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What is the purpose of systematic desensitization?
What is the purpose of systematic desensitization?
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People who have ______ condition acquire a conditioned fear by observing someone else respond fearfully to a stimulus.
People who have ______ condition acquire a conditioned fear by observing someone else respond fearfully to a stimulus.
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What is an acquired fear of a certain situation that produces negative emotions?
What is an acquired fear of a certain situation that produces negative emotions?
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What is the term for a consequence that weakens a response?
What is the term for a consequence that weakens a response?
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Which theory emphasizes the roles of thinking in social behavior and learning?
Which theory emphasizes the roles of thinking in social behavior and learning?
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What term describes a sudden understanding of a problem implying a solution?
What term describes a sudden understanding of a problem implying a solution?
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What is a mental representation of directions from point A to point B called?
What is a mental representation of directions from point A to point B called?
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What is the term for hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs?
What is the term for hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs?
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What is the term for learning a new behavior or information by watching others?
What is the term for learning a new behavior or information by watching others?
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Match the four key factors in observational learning:
Match the four key factors in observational learning:
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What concept is evidenced by the idea that learning changes your brain structure?
What concept is evidenced by the idea that learning changes your brain structure?
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What is the term for help given to babies to read facial expressions?
What is the term for help given to babies to read facial expressions?
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Humans and animals are born with innate reflexes and instincts.
Humans and animals are born with innate reflexes and instincts.
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What is the term for the phenomenon of developing a strong aversion from one taste due to a negative experience?
What is the term for the phenomenon of developing a strong aversion from one taste due to a negative experience?
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What term describes the built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses?
What term describes the built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses?
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What is the term for the tendency for behavior or conditioned responses to shift back toward built-in patterns?
What is the term for the tendency for behavior or conditioned responses to shift back toward built-in patterns?
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What does fixed interval refer to?
What does fixed interval refer to?
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What is the term for reinforcement based on time, without knowing when it will occur?
What is the term for reinforcement based on time, without knowing when it will occur?
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What do we call a schedule where reinforcement occurs after a predetermined number of responses?
What do we call a schedule where reinforcement occurs after a predetermined number of responses?
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What is the term for a schedule where reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses?
What is the term for a schedule where reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses?
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Who is a Russian physiologist known for his work on classical conditioning?
Who is a Russian physiologist known for his work on classical conditioning?
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What is it called when the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired, leading to the neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus?
What is it called when the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired, leading to the neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus?
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What is the process where the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing with a previously conditioned stimulus?
What is the process where the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing with a previously conditioned stimulus?
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What is the term for a learning procedure that involves making associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?
What is the term for a learning procedure that involves making associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?
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Who is associated with the case of Little Albert?
Who is associated with the case of Little Albert?
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Who is associated with operant conditioning?
Who is associated with operant conditioning?
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Who is associated with insight learning?
Who is associated with insight learning?
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Who is famous for his work on learning theory that contributed to the development of operant conditioning?
Who is famous for his work on learning theory that contributed to the development of operant conditioning?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning Concepts
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially does not evoke a response before conditioning.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior training.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): An automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus; a reflexive response.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral event that begins to elicit a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus after conditioning.
Stimulus Responses
- Stimulus Generalization: Tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.
- Stimulus Discrimination: Learning to respond differently to various stimuli.
Extinction and Recovery
- Extinction: The gradual fading of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous Recovery: The re-emergence of the conditioned response after a period of extinction without further conditioning.
Reinforcement Types
- Primary Reinforcers: Basic necessities like food and water that fulfill natural needs.
- Secondary Reinforcers: Items that gain significances through association, such as money or praise.
Types of Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior.
Conditioning Techniques
- Operant Conditioning: Learning based on the consequences of voluntary actions.
- Systematic Desensitization: A method used to diminish fears through gradual exposure.
- Vicarious Learning: Acquiring fear responses by observing others without direct experience.
Emotional Responses
- Conditioned Emotional Response: A learned emotional reaction not universally experienced.
Learning Theories
- Cognitive-Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): Emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning through social interactions.
- Insight Learning: Sudden realization or understanding that leads to solving a problem.
- Cognitive Map (Tolman): Mental representation of spatial relationships and directions.
Additional Learning Models
- Latent Learning: Knowledge that is acquired but not immediately reflected in behavior.
- Observational Learning: Learning by witnessing the actions of others and their outcomes.
- Mirror Neurons: Neurons that help in understanding and mimicking actions in others, crucial for social learning.
History and Key Figures
- Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist known for his work on classical conditioning.
- John B. Watson: Conducted the Little Albert experiment to illustrate conditioned emotional responses.
- B.F. Skinner: Influential in the development of operant conditioning.
- Edward Thorndike: Known for the Law of Effect, laying groundwork for operant conditioning.
- Wolfgang Köhler: Associated with insight learning and problem-solving studies in animals.
Learning Schedules
- Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforcement is provided after a set period.
- Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforcement occurs after varying periods, keeping responses unpredictable.
- Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement follows a specific number of responses.
- Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses.
Biological Aspects
- Biological Preparedness: The innate tendency to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.
- Instinctive Drift: The tendency for conditioned responses to revert to inherent behaviors.
- Taste Aversion: Developing a strong dislike for a food after a negative experience, often after just one instance.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of classical conditioning with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential terms and definitions, including neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Ideal for psychology students who want to reinforce their knowledge of this foundational concept.
