Psychology Classical Conditioning Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is an event that leads to a certain predictable response usually without any previous training?

Neutral stimulus

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Conditioned response (CR)

Unconditioned stimulus (US) (correct)

What is the reaction that occurs naturally when the unconditioned stimulus is presented?

Unconditioned response (UR)

What is the term for a neutral event that elicits a given response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

Neutral stimulus

Unconditioned response (UR)

Conditioned response (CR)

Conditioned stimulus (CS) (correct)

What is the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus?

Conditioned response (CR) Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to respond to a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when an organism learns to respond differently to different stimuli?

Stimulus discrimination Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when the conditioned response dies out after stopping the pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when the conditioned response briefly reappears after a rest period?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered secondary reinforcers?

Money Signup and view all the answers

What are the two examples of primary reinforcers?

Food, Water Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the concept of doing something that generates a behavior?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for taking something away to encourage a behavior, but it is not considered punishment?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a consequence that strengthens a response?

Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for learning through voluntary responses and their consequences?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of systematic desensitization?

To take away people's fears Signup and view all the answers

People who have ______ condition acquire a conditioned fear by observing someone else respond fearfully to a stimulus.

vicarious Signup and view all the answers

What is an acquired fear of a certain situation that produces negative emotions?

Conditioned emotional response Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a consequence that weakens a response?

Punishment Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the roles of thinking in social behavior and learning?

Cognitive-social learning theory (Albert Bandura) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a sudden understanding of a problem implying a solution?

Insight learning Signup and view all the answers

What is a mental representation of directions from point A to point B called?

Cognitive map (Tolman) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs?

Latent learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for learning a new behavior or information by watching others?

Observational learning/modeling/secondhand Signup and view all the answers

Match the four key factors in observational learning:

Attention = Necessary for learning to occur Retention = Remembering what was observed Reproduction = The ability to imitate the behavior Reinforcement = Motivation to perform the behavior Signup and view all the answers

What concept is evidenced by the idea that learning changes your brain structure?

Brain growth and learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for help given to babies to read facial expressions?

Mirror neurons Signup and view all the answers

Humans and animals are born with innate reflexes and instincts.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon of developing a strong aversion from one taste due to a negative experience?

Taste aversion Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses?

Biological preparedness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency for behavior or conditioned responses to shift back toward built-in patterns?

Instinctive drift Signup and view all the answers

What does fixed interval refer to?

Knowing what's going to happen Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for reinforcement based on time, without knowing when it will occur?

Variable interval schedule Signup and view all the answers

What do we call a schedule where reinforcement occurs after a predetermined number of responses?

Fixed ratio schedule Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a schedule where reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses?

Variable ratio schedule Signup and view all the answers

Who is a Russian physiologist known for his work on classical conditioning?

Pavlov Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired, leading to the neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus?

Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing with a previously conditioned stimulus?

Higher-order conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a learning procedure that involves making associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the case of Little Albert?

John B. Watson Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with operant conditioning?

Skinner Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with insight learning?

Kohler Signup and view all the answers

Who is famous for his work on learning theory that contributed to the development of operant conditioning?

Edward Thorndike Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning Concepts

Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially does not evoke a response before conditioning.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior training.
Unconditioned Response (UR): An automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus; a reflexive response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral event that begins to elicit a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR): The learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus after conditioning.

Stimulus Responses

Stimulus Generalization: Tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination: Learning to respond differently to various stimuli.

Extinction and Recovery

Extinction: The gradual fading of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery: The re-emergence of the conditioned response after a period of extinction without further conditioning.

Reinforcement Types

Primary Reinforcers: Basic necessities like food and water that fulfill natural needs.
Secondary Reinforcers: Items that gain significances through association, such as money or praise.

Types of Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior.

Conditioning Techniques

Operant Conditioning: Learning based on the consequences of voluntary actions.
Systematic Desensitization: A method used to diminish fears through gradual exposure.
Vicarious Learning: Acquiring fear responses by observing others without direct experience.

Emotional Responses

Conditioned Emotional Response: A learned emotional reaction not universally experienced.

Learning Theories

Cognitive-Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): Emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning through social interactions.
Insight Learning: Sudden realization or understanding that leads to solving a problem.
Cognitive Map (Tolman): Mental representation of spatial relationships and directions.

Additional Learning Models

Latent Learning: Knowledge that is acquired but not immediately reflected in behavior.
Observational Learning: Learning by witnessing the actions of others and their outcomes.
Mirror Neurons: Neurons that help in understanding and mimicking actions in others, crucial for social learning.

History and Key Figures

Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist known for his work on classical conditioning.
John B. Watson: Conducted the Little Albert experiment to illustrate conditioned emotional responses.
B.F. Skinner: Influential in the development of operant conditioning.
Edward Thorndike: Known for the Law of Effect, laying groundwork for operant conditioning.
Wolfgang Köhler: Associated with insight learning and problem-solving studies in animals.

Learning Schedules

Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforcement is provided after a set period.
Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforcement occurs after varying periods, keeping responses unpredictable.
Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement follows a specific number of responses.
Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses.

Biological Aspects

Biological Preparedness: The innate tendency to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.
Instinctive Drift: The tendency for conditioned responses to revert to inherent behaviors.
Taste Aversion: Developing a strong dislike for a food after a negative experience, often after just one instance.

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Description

Test your understanding of classical conditioning with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential terms and definitions, including neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Ideal for psychology students who want to reinforce their knowledge of this foundational concept.