Psychology Final Exam Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

What is primarily assessed in the cloze task?

  • Sentence-level processing and word predictability effects (correct)
  • Phonological planning and articulation
  • Visual and word integration
  • Real-time spoken word recognition

    • What does priming in language learning imply?

  • It leads to implicit learning processes. (correct)
  • It encourages conscious learning strategies.
  • It necessitates repetitive practice.
  • It solely depends on visual aids.

    • Which of the following best describes the role of the visual world paradigm?

  • It measures the relationship between semantic and phonological memory traces.
  • It evaluates the frequency effects on word retrieval.
  • It assesses the activation of related words in the mental lexicon.
  • It examines how listeners use visual cues to resolve ambiguity. (correct)

    • In the context of lexical decision tasks, which factor significantly impacts word recognition?

    <p>Neighborhood density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do perceptual symbols differ from A-Modal representations?

    <p>They are not static and can change with context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of embodied cognition?

    <p>The integration of bodily experiences with sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the tip of the tongue phenomenon mainly illustrate?

    <p>The difficulty in accessing phonological memory traces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to perceptual symbols theory, what influences language comprehension?

    <p>The mental representations evoked during processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is evaluated during eye tracking in language processing?

    <p>Syntactic ambiguity resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the naming/description task?

    <p>Lexical access during speech production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can visual information impact language comprehension?

    <p>It can either facilitate or hinder comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by a 'mental model' in the context of language comprehension?

    <p>A situation-specific representation incorporating perceptual details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the linguistic cueing paradigm demonstrate in language comprehension?

    <p>Top-down influences on word processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the interactivity of language and other cognitive systems manifest?

    <p>Language interacts with perception, memory, and executive control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phrase 'tongue twister experiments' is associated with understanding which aspect of language?

    <p>The phonological planning and articulation in speech production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a shape match/mismatch have on language processing?

    <p>It influences the speed of understanding the sentence based on the match.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strength of the Cohort model?

    <p>Incremental and efficient recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does the Multilink model focus on?

    <p>Bilingual recognition in both languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation is associated with the BIA+ model?

    <p>Limited focus on visual modality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism influences word selection and recognition in bilinguals?

    <p>Task and control factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern regarding the TRACE model?

    <p>Difficulty in empirical testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the integrated lexicon in bilingual models?

    <p>Parallel selection of words across languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Interactive Activation model handle contextual effects?

    <p>Through top-down and bottom-up processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a limitation of bilingual processing models?

    <p>They generally ignore non-visual modalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key idea of the Cohort model in spoken word recognition?

    <p>Word recognition begins from the first phoneme and narrows down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which limitation is associated with the Cohort model?

    <p>It does not account for context or top-down influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Trace model address that the Cohort model does not?

    <p>Understanding recognition with noise or mispronunciations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the connectionist model of auditory word recognition, what does the Input layer process?

    <p>Basic acoustic cues such as voicing and place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the activation threshold in the connectionist model?

    <p>To measure the competition between word candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the interactive activation model differ from the Cohort model?

    <p>It allows bidirectional flow of activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in the connectionist model of auditory word recognition is responsible for activating word candidates?

    <p>Phoneme layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the connectionist model related to word recognition?

    <p>It integrates bottom-up and top-down processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the feature level in bottom-up activation primarily detect?

    <p>Visual features such as letter shapes and strokes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism allows activated lexical candidates to compete during word recognition?

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the BIA+ model in bilingual word recognition?

    <p>It includes a task-decision system that reflects task demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Multilink Model incorporate for effective bilingual word recognition?

    <p>Features of lexical activation and competition with language control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does shared semantics impact bilingual word recognition?

    <p>It accelerates recognition speed for related words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the limitations of the BIA model?

    <p>It has difficulties handling proficiency levels of users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT a characteristic of top-down processes in word recognition?

    <p>Detecting visual shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept do both the BIA+ model and the Multilink Model emphasize?

    <p>Simultaneous activation of both languages during processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which account of sentence processing suggests that comprehenders arrive at an interpretation rapidly through superficial processing?

    <p>Good enough account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption of information encapsulation in modular processing?

    <p>Processes within one model are sealed off from other models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia, which area is primarily responsible for syntactic processing?

    <p>Left inferior frontal area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect is expected in the sentence 'the evidence examined by the lawyer turned out the unreliable' under the modular account?

    <p>Garden-path effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes difficulties in finding the right word during speech production?

    <p>Anomia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is characterized by a sequence where syntactic processing occurs before semantic processing?

    <p>Garden path model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prediction influence comprehension according to the P-Chain concept?

    <p>It enhances sentence planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'word deafness' refer to in language processing?

    <p>Inability to understand spoken words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psycho Final Exam Study Notes

    • Language Perception
      • Humans have hemispheric specialization; the left hemisphere dominates speech processing.
      • Dichotic listening experiments show better identification of stimuli in the right ear.
      • Perceptual information is processed in the contralateral hemisphere.
      • N400 is elevated with unpredictable speech patterns.
      • Mental lexicon stores exemplars to infer variability in speech.
      • Segmentation: words are perceived even without clear boundaries.
      • Categorical perception: contrast perception depends on language experience.
      • Prediction: listeners and readers anticipate words.
      • Cue Integration: Context, McGurk effect, and Phoneme restoration influence word recognition.
      • Cocktail party effect: selective attention to relevant stimuli.

    Linguistic Perception Framework

    • Pre-lexical analysis: Establishes links between input and stored word forms.
    • Words are activated when contacted, excited by being contacted.

    Cohort Model

    • Word recognition is incremental, starting with the first phoneme.
    • All sounds matching the initial phoneme become activated (cohort).
    • The cohort narrows as more information becomes available.
    • It does not account for context or top-down influence.

    Trace Model

    • A reaction to the Cohort model, proposing layers of auditory word recognition.
    • Input Layer/Feature Layer: processes basic acoustic features (voicing, place, etc.)
    • Phoneme Layer: Activates word candidates matching speech input features.
    • Word Layer: activates lexical items based on phoneme input.

    Interactive Activation Model

    • Bottom-up and top-down processes interact.
    • Competition between activated candidates.
    • It efficiently handles noise and partial input.

    BIA+ Model (Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus)

    • Both languages are simultaneously activated in bilingual word recognition.
    • It's influenced by context and cognitive control.
    • Language node represents and regulates language activation.
    • Integrated lexicon stores words from both languages.
    • A unified bilingual processing model.
    • It incorporates lexical activation, competition, and language control.
    • Integrates the strengths of TRACE and BIA+ models.
    • Cross-linguistic interaction occurs at multiple levels (orthographic, phonological, semantic).

    Modularity in Language Processing

    • Syntax-first and semantic-second models are modular, with encapsulated processing stages.
    • Early views on Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia favor a modular perspective.
    • Interactive processing implies 'crosstalk' between areas of the brain.

    Modular Account of Sentence Processing

    • Separates semantic and syntactic operations; Modular.
    • Comprehension accounts such as the modular account and superficial/good-enough account assume different kinds of processing.

    Modularity of Production and Comprehension

    • Anomia: word-finding difficulty.
    • Word deafness: inability to understand spoken words.

    P-Chain

    • Sentence production and processing build on prediction through the P-chain.
    • Anticipatory movements are important for production.
    • Production guides comprehension.

    Prediction Errors & Implicit Learning

    • Prediction errors prime the system by putting frequently encountered concepts/structures at the top of the memory.
    • This leads to errors in production.

    Language & Other Cognitive Systems

    • Language interacts with perception, memory, pragmatics and executive control.
    • Visual input can facilitate or hinder comprehension.

    Mental Representations

    • The perceptual symbol system theory claims representation is mental and context-specific
    • Embodied cognition: mental representations are combined with sensory, motor or emotional experiences

    Linguistic Cueing Effects

    • They fit with an interactive view.
    • Features such as prosody, syntax, and context dynamically interact with language and cognitive processes.

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    Related Documents

    Psycholinguistics Notes PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your psychology final exam with these comprehensive study notes focusing on language perception and the cognitive processes involved. Explore concepts such as hemispheric specialization, categorical perception, and the cocktail party effect to enhance your understanding of linguistic processing.

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