Infant Perception and Language Development
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of children's language acquisition is least explained by the nativist perspective?

  • Critical or sensitive periods for language development
  • Emergence of grammar and syntax
  • Language Acquisition Device
  • Benefits of motherese/parentese (correct)

    • Which scenario demonstrates the perceptual narrowing hypothesis?

  • A four-year-old is unable to differentiate phonemes used in her non-native language (correct)
  • A toddler recognizes only the faces of family members
  • A four-year-old is better at distinguishing human faces than primate faces
  • A three-month-old is able to differentiate phonemes used in his non-native language

    • What is the primary function of the fusiform face area in the brain?

  • Recognizing objects
  • Distinguishing between shapes
  • Interpreting emotions
  • Processing faces (correct)

    • In a classical conditioning scenario, what is the term for the pain Nadia feels from the flu shot?

    <p>Unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Nadia's case, what is the adult wearing a white coat considered?

    <p>Conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Juhi's behavior management, giving extra homework represents which concept?

    <p>Positive punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive process is Kyle using when he learns that hamsters are also rodents?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect would stickers have on Juhi's students when they behave well?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kyle learned that not all small furry pets are rodents after confusing a weasel for a rodent. This scenario illustrates which cognitive concept?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Piaget's stages of cognitive development is FALSE?

    <p>Everyone can achieve all developmental stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Vygotsky is FALSE?

    <p>Knowledge acquisition is predominantly self-directed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best exemplifies the concept of scaffolding?

    <p>A mother helps a child read tough words while allowing independence on easier ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference in memory strategies between children in current society and pre-literate societies represents variations in which concept?

    <p>Tools of Intellectual Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky, for a child to learn effectively from others, they must be within the:

    <p>Zone of Proximal Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky’s theories, private speech serves as:

    <p>An inner dialogue for problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding Piaget's view on cognitive development is INCORRECT?

    <p>All children reach the same cognitive maturity at the same age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of centration in a child's thinking?

    <p>Focusing on the number of items rather than the size of containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the information processing theory is correct?

    <p>It views development as incremental rather than abrupt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Maria likely struggling with when she forgets how to spell 'definitely' after initially learning it?

    <p>Encoding the spelling into long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about processing speed in children is false?

    <p>It is always higher in children than adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of operant conditioning is involved when Billy's mom throws away cookies to stop him from sneaking them?

    <p>Negative punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Julie's incorrect labeling of a cat as a 'dog' indicates she is experiencing which cognitive process?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is false regarding the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

    <p>They can reason hypothetically and picture alternative scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skill is Emma developing by using an abacus with her brother's assistance?

    <p>Counting with relational understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulus will a child look at longer if they understand a concept?

    <p>The one that violates their expectation due to novelty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Researcher A is interested in the average age at which children acquire a skill. Researcher B investigates the influence of parents' positive feedback on children's performance. What best describes their interests?

    <p>Group differences; individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What paradigm did Dr. Werker use in her head-turning experiment?

    <p>Classical conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of Janet Werker's head-turning experiments?

    <p>Both B and C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is expected to be best at distinguishing between English Ra and La?

    <p>Japanese infants at 6 - 8 months; American infants at 6 - 8 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do native Japanese speakers show a weaker magnetic effect for distinguishing English Ra and La?

    <p>Both B and C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Body language and intonation of words are examples of which linguistic component?

    <p>Pragmatics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kay categorizes all red round foods as 'apple'. This demonstrates which fast mapping error?

    <p>Overextension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emma’s improvement with help from Dylan is an example of which concept?

    <p>Scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did 10-year-old chess experts outperform typical adults in memorizing the placement of chess pieces on a board?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acquired distinctiveness from acquired similarity?

    <p>Acquired distinctiveness involves sensitivity to important sounds, while similarity perceives some as identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example depicts overextension in language development?

    <p>Using 'car' for all moving vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What illustrates overregularization in language development?

    <p>Saying 'two foots' instead of 'two feet'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What language concept is illustrated by Sam using 'candy' only for chocolate bars?

    <p>Underextension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the mental process of learning to recognize and categorize distinct sounds?

    <p>Auditory discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best exemplifies fast mapping in language learning?

    <p>Inferring the meaning of a word after hearing it in context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infant Perception

    • Infants look longer at stimuli that violate their expectations of a concept.
    • Researchers who study the average age at which children acquire a skill are interested in group differences, while researchers who study the influence of parental feedback on skill acquisition are interested in individual differences.
    • Werker’s head-turning experiment used a paradigm called positive reinforcement.
    • Werker’s head-turning experiments demonstrated that infants can distinguish between similar sounds in their native language, but this ability declines as they age due to perceptual narrowing.
    • Japanese infants at 6-8 months are better at distinguishing between English "Ra" and "La" than American infants at the same age.
    • This difference is because native Japanese speakers have acquired similarities between English "Ra" and "La".
    • Body language and intonation are examples of pragmatics.

    Language Development

    • Fast mapping is a rapid learning process where children connect a new word with its referent after a single exposure.
    • Underextension occurs when a child uses a word too narrowly, like only calling their own pet dog a "dog" and not other dogs.
    • Overextension occurs when a child uses a word too broadly, like calling all vehicles "cars."
    • Overregulation is a grammatical error where children apply rules to words that are irregular, for example, saying "two foots" instead of "two feet."
    • The nativist perspective struggles to explain the influence of motherese/parentese on language development.
    • The ability to differentiate phonemes in non-native languages declines with age, indicating a process of perceptual narrowing.
    • Perceptual narrowing is the gradual decline in sensitivity to stimuli not relevant to one’s native language, in a process of specialization. The fusiform face area of the brain is specialized for recognizing faces.

    Learning & Cognition

    • Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
    • Positive reinforcement increases behavior with a reward, while negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
    • Positive punishment decreases behavior by adding an aversive stimulus, while negative punishment decreases behavior by removing a positive stimulus.
    • Assimilation occurs when new information is incorporated into existing schemas, while accommodation involves changing existing schemas to incorporate new information.
    • Piaget’s stages of cognitive development are discontinuous, meaning they occur in distinct stages and are not gradual advancements.
    • Vygotsky believed that knowledge is acquired through social interaction with more knowledgeable individuals, through a process called guided participation.
    • The zone of proximal development (ZPD) refers to the range of tasks a learner can accomplish with guidance from a more knowledgeable individual.
    • Scaffolding refers to the support provided by a more knowledgeable individual to help a learner achieve a task within their ZPD.
    • Vygotsky believed private speech (self-talk) plays a crucial role in learning and problem-solving.
    • Tools of Intellectual Adaptation refer to cultural tools that influence a child’s cognitive development.
    • The information processing theory views cognitive development as a continuous process of gradual improvements.
    • Memory is a complex process involving sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory.
    • Processing speed plays a crucial role in cognitive functioning and increases with age due to factors like myelination and brain connectivity.
    • Content knowledge, or expertise, can influence performance on tasks, allowing even a child with lower processing speed to outperform an expert in a specific domain.

    Cognitive Stages

    • Children in the concrete operational stage are capable of logical thinking and reasoning about concrete problems, but they can't yet reason hypothetically. They can also understand perspectives different from their own.
    • Internalization is the process of incorporating social experiences into an individual's internal thought processes.
    • Chess experts outperform adults in memorizing chess piece placement due to their extensive content knowledge, better selective attention, and improved working memory.

    Language Development Errors

    • When a child uses the word "car" to refer to all moving vehicles like buses and airplanes, it's an example of overextension.
    • Saying "two foots" instead of "two feet" is an example of overregularization in language development.
    • A child who only uses the word "candy" to refer to chocolate bars demonstrates underextension, a common linguistic error.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in infant perception and language development, including how infants respond to stimuli and the effects of parental feedback. It also examines the impact of age on sound discrimination and the process of fast mapping in language learning. Test your knowledge on these fascinating topics related to early cognitive growth.

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