Psychology Chapter on Therapies and Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive-behavior therapy?

  • Changing environmental factors through behavior modification
  • Improving psychological well-being by altering thoughts and interpretations (correct)
  • Eliminating negative feelings through mindfulness techniques
  • Setting indefinite goals for personal growth

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mindfulness therapies?

  • Recognizing the normalcy of suffering in life
  • Avoiding negative feelings entirely (correct)
  • Observing emotions without reacting
  • Being conscious and actively aware of the present

    • How does the M’Naghten rule determine legal insanity?

  • By assessing the defendant's behavior post-crime
  • Based on the extent of the crime committed
  • By analyzing the defendant's emotional responses during trial
  • Through evaluation of the defendant's mental state at the time of the act (correct)

    • What common factor is crucial to the effectiveness of all mainstream therapies?

    <p>The therapeutic alliance and client openness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following negative thought patterns is characteristic of cognitive-behavior therapy?

    <p>Overgeneralizing based on a single instance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of people are estimated to qualify for a psychological disorder during their lifetime?

    <p>Almost one half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary challenges in defining abnormal behavior?

    <p>Determining what is normal and abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects Betty’s situation based on the content provided?

    <p>Betty is showing symptoms consistent with a possible mental illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be inferred about Dante's background based on the description provided?

    <p>He has faced significant psychological challenges from a young age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the content suggest the approach to mental illness should be evaluated?

    <p>Through the clinical symptoms and individual experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been indicated as a common emotional state for people who may qualify for a psychological disorder?

    <p>Prolonged feelings of sadness or depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In evaluating Betty’s and Dante’s cases, what is a key underlying factor for their mental health conditions?

    <p>Significant life changes and losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

    <p>Frequent and exaggerated worries about various concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes panic disorder (PD)?

    <p>Frequent anxiety periods and occasional panic attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes agoraphobia from other anxiety disorders?

    <p>An excessive fear of open or public places</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common object of specific phobias?

    <p>Public speaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

    <p>Repetitive thoughts and actions that impair functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of substance use disorders, what does dependence refer to?

    <p>The experience of withdrawal symptoms upon cessation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is an example of a common compulsion in OCD?

    <p>Hoarding old newspapers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phobia is characterized by an intense fear of potential danger from animals?

    <p>Specific phobia </p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of panic disorder?

    <p>Rapid heartbeat and hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature defines social phobia?

    <p>Severe avoidance of social situations and public scrutiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Bipolar I from Bipolar II disorders?

    <p>Bipolar I includes manic episodes, while Bipolar II includes hypomanic episodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a hypomanic episode?

    <p>An elevated mood without significant changes in functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

    <p>At least two symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines a delusion?

    <p>A strongly held belief despite contradictory evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of hallucinations in schizophrenia?

    <p>They are primarily auditory and frequently experienced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is often mistaken for schizophrenia but is actually different?

    <p>Multiple personality disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dementia differentiated from schizophrenia?

    <p>Dementia involves loss of cognitive functioning affecting daily life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Mood swings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'mania' refer to in the context of bipolar disorder?

    <p>A severely elevated mood requiring hospitalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of 'disorganized thought' in schizophrenia indicate?

    <p>A lack of coherent organization in speech and expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for all diagnoses in the DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Loss of functioning in some aspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as an advantage of the DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Ensures treatment for all diagnosed individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Dimensional Model of mental disorders emphasize?

    <p>Severity and frequency of behaviors across a continuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Medical/Categorical Model?

    <p>Considers mental disorders as separate disease entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concern is raised about the use of the DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Categorical diagnoses do not account for individual differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of disorders is NOT explicitly mentioned in the DSM-5-TR organization?

    <p>Anxiety Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the DSM-5-TR aid in research purposes?

    <p>By classifying participants according to their diagnoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential negative effect of labeling individuals with mental disorders according to the DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Stigmatization of individuals with those labels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the Dimensional Model of mental disorders?

    <p>It measures symptoms on a scale rather than a binary assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by excessive worry about numerous things?

    <p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is primarily defined by intense physical symptoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agoraphobia is characterized by an excessive fear of ______ places.

    <p>open or public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder = Frequent and exaggerated worries about many things Panic Disorder = Frequent anxiety with occasional panic attacks Agoraphobia = Excessive fear of open or public places Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder = Repetitive thoughts and actions leading to decline in functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antidepressants is known to block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine?

    <p>SNRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A major depressive disorder is characterized by having manic episodes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration for which persistent depressive disorder must be present in adults?

    <p>two years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antidepressants may take _____ to show behavioral effects after beginning treatment.

    <p>four to six weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of antidepressants with their characteristics:

    <p>SSRIs = Block reuptake of serotonin only Dopamine antagonists = Not typically used as antidepressants Tricyclic drugs = Interfere with reabsorption of multiple neurotransmitters MAOIs = Block metabolic breakdown of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

    <p>Severe mood swings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hypomanic episode is characterized by severe impairment in functioning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of Bipolar II disorder?

    <p>Presence of hypomanic episodes and/or depressive episodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schizophrenia involves a significant loss of normal ______ and social behaviors.

    <p>emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of episodes with their descriptions:

    <p>Manic = Elevated mood and increased activity/energy Hypomanic = Elevated mood without severe impairment Depressive = Low mood and energy, feelings of sadness Hallucination = Perceptions without real-world correspondence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be present in nearly all diagnoses according to the DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Loss of functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dimensional Model categorizes mental disorders into strict yes/no classifications.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one advantage of using the DSM-5-TR.

    <p>Provides common terminology for communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Model views mental disorders as reflecting discrete disease entities.

    <p>Medical/Categorical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each category of disorder with its description:

    <p>Depressive Disorders = Mood-related disorders like Major Depressive Disorder Personality Disorders = Chronic patterns of behavior that deviate from societal expectations Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders = Disorders stemming from traumatic or stressful events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Almost one half of people will qualify for a psychological disorder during their lifetime.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dante has been hospitalized twice for his struggles with anxiety.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Betty has reported feeling 'completely drained of energy' and has lost 15 pounds recently.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The definition of abnormal behavior is universally agreed upon by mental health professionals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Betty's feelings of loneliness began after her youngest child left their home seven years ago.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All mental disorders are categorized into the same groups within the DSM-5-TR.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A key requirement for all diagnoses in the DSM-5-TR is that there must be some sort of loss of functioning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dimensional model suggests that mental disorders are viewed as discrete and separate disease entities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DSM-5-TR contributes to the reliability of diagnoses in the field of mental health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research indicates that everyone diagnosed with the same mental disorder exhibits identical symptoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The categorical model of mental disorders allows for a yes/no decision regarding the presence of a disorder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One concern regarding the DSM-5-TR is that diagnostic categories may not accurately reflect real-world conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total absence of symptoms is required for a diagnosis of mental disorders in the DSM-5-TR.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deviance in behavior is judged based on the expectations of a specific culture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DSM-5-TR is the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals labeled with a psychiatric diagnosis are often treated as normal by healthcare professionals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All participants in Rosenhan's study were suspected of feigning their symptoms by hospital staff.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average length of stay for the participants in Rosenhan's study was less than 14 days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with panic disorder often experience a decrease in their autonomic responses such as heart rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific phobia is characterized by fear that does not interfere with normal living.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves compulsions such as cleaning and checking.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The current DSM distinguishes between substance dependence and substance abuse by defining them both as similar concepts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals experiencing agoraphobia have an excessive fear of being in open or public spaces.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social phobia is characterized by a heightened desire to interact with others in public settings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessions are defined as repetitive unwelcome thoughts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

    <p>To identify clinical conditions and personality dimensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on the theories of Sigmund Freud.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of projective techniques in personality assessment?

    <p>They encourage individuals to project their personality characteristics onto ambiguous stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The MMPI includes _______ scales that help identify any attempts at deception during testing.

    <p>validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following personality assessments with their primary focus:

    <p>MMPI = Identifying clinical conditions through standardized questions NEO PI-R = Measuring the Big Five personality traits MBTI = Classifying personality types based on Carl Jung's theories Rorschach = Assessing personality through interpretation of inkblots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of using projective techniques for personality assessment?

    <p>They often lack incremental validity compared to standardized tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The MMPI takes longer to administer and score than the Rorschach test.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality dimensions are primarily measured by the NEO PI-R?

    <p>Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personality does the ego represent?

    <p>The decision-making rationality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Oedipus complex refers to a girl developing a sexual interest in her mother.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unconscious's role in behavior according to psychodynamic theories?

    <p>The unconscious influences behavior even though individuals may not be aware of it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, fixation during the _____ stage can lead to lasting concerns with dependence and independence.

    <p>oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of Freud's psychosexual development with their associated effects of fixation:

    <p>Oral stage = Lasting concerns with dependence Anal stage = Orderliness or sloppiness Phallic stage = Difficulty feeling closeness Latency period = Suppressed sexual interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Freud's concept of the Id?

    <p>The sexual and biological drives demanding immediate gratification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carl Jung's theory includes the idea of the collective unconscious.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are projective techniques used for in personality assessment?

    <p>To uncover hidden emotions, thoughts, and conflicts by allowing individuals to project their feelings onto ambiguous stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is comprised of socially acceptable thoughts and behaviors that we present to the world.

    <p>ego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to personality assessment with their descriptions:

    <p>MBTI = A personality inventory that categorizes individuals into 16 personality types based on preferences. MMPI = A psychological assessment that measures a variety of psychological conditions. Rorschach Test = A projective test consisting of inkblots to assess personality characteristics. Thematic Apperception Test = A projective test that uses ambiguous pictures to prompt storytelling and reveal underlying motives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's defense mechanisms?

    <p>Collective unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alfred Adler believed that mental health is just the absence of mental illness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one key feature of humanistic psychology.

    <p>Emphasis on personal growth and self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sigmund Freud's theory suggests that personality develops through five stages of __________.

    <p>psychosexual pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of the collective unconscious refer to?

    <p>Collective memories that are universally shared across humanity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is characterized by anxiety and hostility?

    <p>Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older individuals tend to score lower in conscientiousness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical technique is commonly used to identify clusters of personality traits?

    <p>Factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ test is known for identifying personality traits through true-false statements.

    <p>MMPI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is defined by being self-disciplined and organized?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Projective personality tests are considered to have a higher validity than objective tests.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key premise of Carl Jung's collective unconscious theory?

    <p>Shared memories and archetypes across humanity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ theory focuses on unconscious influences and conflicts in human behavior.

    <p>Psychodynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MBTI stand for?

    <p>Myers-Briggs Type Indicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own undesirable characteristics to others?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sublimation transforms unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Carl Jung use to describe inborn thoughts related to the experiences of previous generations?

    <p>Collective unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to humanistic psychology, people are essentially ______.

    <p>good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following defense mechanisms with their definitions:

    <p>Repression = Motivated removal of something to the unconscious Denial = Refusal to accept unpleasant information Rationalization = Justifying one's actions Displacement = Shifting behavior toward a less threatening target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Carl Jung's view on dreams?

    <p>Dreams express part of nature without deception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychodynamic theories emphasize learning through experiences rather than innate characteristics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach emphasizes that personality is learned primarily through the environment?

    <p>Learning approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    John Watson believed he could train any child to become any type of ______.

    <p>specialist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality assessment tool is known for measuring psychological traits and disorders?

    <p>MMPI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology - Module 15

    • This module focuses on abnormal psychology, disorders, and treatment.
    • A significant portion of the population will experience a psychological disorder during their lifetime. Approximately half of people will experience a psychological disorder during their lifetime.
    • Defining abnormal behavior involves considering deviance (inconsistent with cultural norms) and dysfunction (impairment in functioning).
    • The module also discusses different models to understand mental disorders (categorical vs. dimensional).

    Module 15.1 - Overview of Abnormal Behavior

    • Students should be able to describe and evaluate definitions of mental illness.
    • Understanding DSM-5 and its diagnostic categories is important. DSM-5 is the current diagnostic guide for mental health. It is organized into categories of disorders and employs objective criteria for diagnosis. The current edition is DSM-5-TR (2022).
    • Evaluating the assumptions of DSM-5 and the categorical approach to mental illness is also crucial. The categorical approach, while useful for standardization, may not fully capture the complexity of mental illness. Alternative approaches, such as the dimensional model, offer a more nuanced understanding.

    Psychological Disorders

    • A considerable proportion of people will experience at least one psychological disorder in their lifetime. Data (pie charts) show percentages of individuals with 0, 1, 2, or 3+ disorders, reflecting a significant prevalence of mental health issues/disorders. Approximately 53.6% of people have no disorders; 18.7% have one disorder; 10.4% have two disorders; and 17.3% have three or more disorders.

    Defining Abnormal Behavior

    • The concept of normal versus abnormal behavior is complex.
    • A "mental illness" isn't easily defined definitively. Defining abnormal behavior is challenging; it often relies on cultural norms, behaviors deviating from normality, and significant impairment in daily function.
    • The goal of well-being is examined in relation to defining conditions of distress in individuals.

    Example Case Study - Betty

    • A 52-year-old woman experiencing emotional distress and loss of appetite is described. She has been crying on and off for a few months and has spent considerable time in bed for the past two weeks, feeling blue and drained of energy. Her appetite decreased, and she lost 15 pounds. Her youngest child left home seven months previously, possibly contributing to her feelings of loneliness and boredom.

    Example Case Study - Dante

    • A 25-year-old male with significant issues, possibly mental health concerns, based on his past. He has a history of depression, which has resulted in two hospitalizations and attempted suicide. His father left when he was five, and he and his sister were raised by his mother. Dante dropped out of high school to care for his younger sister and work while his mother struggled with depression and alcohol abuse. She worked two jobs and was often absent from home. His personal history reflects trauma and challenges.

    What is Abnormal?

    • Determining if a behavior is abnormal can often be challenging.
    • Criteria include deviance (being inconsistent with cultural norms) and dysfunction (causing impairment in functioning). There are notable overlaps between concepts of normality and abnormality that must be considered.

    Normal or Abnormal?

    • Real-life scenarios are presented that could be categorized as normal or abnormal based on context. Examples include a woman placing offerings on her dead husband's grave, a man swimming in freezing water, or a man driving nails into his hand. The context and individuals' experiences are crucial to accurate judgment in cases like this.

    Are you Confused?

    • Identifying mental disorders is often subjective due to their non-observable nature.
    • Diagnosing with complete certainty is difficult, implying possible errors in subjective assessments. Judgment of mental status needs to be approached critically.

    Rosenhan's Study

    • The "On Being Sane in Insane Places" study examined the issues related to psychiatric diagnosis.
    • Participants successfully gained admission to psychiatric hospitals but were perceived as having schizophrenia despite acting normally. The study found that the staff did not challenge the validity of their claims of auditory hallucinations.
    • The study highlights biases in labeling individuals and the limitations of psychiatric diagnosis and the potential for bias when assessing patients.
    • Their hospitalizations ranged from 7 to 52 days, with an average of 19 days.

    Power of a Diagnostic Label

    • Given a label, behaviors previously viewed as normal are seen as pathological.
    • The label impacts how staff interact with patients, potentially influencing their assessment (labeling and expectations can influence behavior)

    DSM and the Categorical Approach

    • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) standardizes mental health diagnoses. It is a comprehensive tool that compiles information on disorders; this manual provides a common language and shared understanding for use among mental health professionals.
    • DSM-5-TR is organized into categories of disorders and employs objective criteria. It provides specific criteria for the diagnosis of each disorder, which must be met to receive that diagnosis.

    Organization of DSM-5-TR

    • Mental disorders are categorized.
    • Criteria must be met to receive a diagnosis.
    • A common aspect is loss of function. Diagnostic criteria include both behavioral and psychological components.

    Is the DSM a Good Thing?

    • The DSM provides a common language for communication amongst mental health experts.
    • It facilitates the reliability of diagnoses, enabling more accurate research classifications, and allows for more standardized assessment.

    Concerns re. DSM or similar system

    • Diagnoses may cause stigmatization.
    • Individuals with the same diagnosis's presentation might vary significantly, meaning the categorization might not fully capture individual complexities.
    • The nature of diagnostic categories might not be wholly useful, reflecting a possible limitation of categorical approaches.

    "Mental Disorders"

    • Different models exist (Categorical vs. Dimensional) to understand issues related to mental health. There are different ways to view and approach the topic of mental illness disorders; these approaches provide insight into effective treatment and care strategies.

    Medical/Categorical Model

    • Mental disorders are viewed as separate, discrete entities, and one either has the disorder or not. Categorical models categorize disorders into distinct classifications, thus defining them as separate entities that either exist in a person or do not exist.
    • This is a frequently used model in medicine, providing a framework for diagnosis and treatment.

    Dimensional Model

    • Mental disorders exist on a continuum. Behaviors or symptoms are viewed along a spectrum rather than as definitive categories, thus indicating a range of severity and expression.
    • Individuals with disorders display behaviors that can range in frequency and intensity, reflecting the spectrum and fluidity of disorders.
    • Severity plays a larger role than classification. The dimensional model emphasizes a more nuanced understanding of mental health symptoms.

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Different types of anxiety disorders are presented, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD).
    • Agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobias are additional types that cause distress and are characterized by fear, anxiety, and avoidance behaviors. The module emphasizes the variety and complexity of anxiety-based disorders and their potential effects.

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

    • Repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions) characterize OCD. Recurring behaviors are common, often consuming a significant amount of time; these behaviors cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning.

    Substance Use Disorders

    • Previous DSM versions differentiated depending on dependence versus abuse.
    • The current DSM removes this distinction for the sake of simplicity. The current version combines dependence and abuse into a single category, a substance use disorder. The new framework reflects the interconnected aspects of substance use.

    Substance Use Disorders (Continued)

    • Addictive substances activate dopamine pathways in the nucleus accumbens, leading to reward and attention.
    • Other activities can also trigger dopamine release, potentially contributing to addiction. The module underscores the impact of neurochemical processes in addiction tendencies.

    Depressive Disorders

    • Types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder. Each disorder has its own criteria and specific features that differentiate it from other disorders. This module underscores the different subtypes within depressive disorders.

    Depressive Disorders (Continued)

    • Major depressive disorder is a period of low mood accompanied by lack of interest and motivation potentially including specifiers like seasonal pattern. It is important to note the variations in the nature and presentation of major depressive disorder's symptoms.

    Depressive Disorders (Continued)

    • Persistent depressive disorder involves chronic low mood for a substantial duration (at least 2 years). Chronic depressive symptoms must be analyzed and accounted for when determining diagnosis; this duration underscores the long-term nature of this condition.

    Treatments for Depression (slide 1 of 3)

    • Antidepressant medications (SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclics, MAOIs). Different classes of antidepressants have been explored to determine their efficacy.
    • Behavioral and cognitive approaches are used, along with lifestyle changes. The module explores numerous treatment approaches to manage symptoms.

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Bipolar disorder is a condition involving mood swings between extreme highs (mania) and lows (depression). This disorder often presents with varied symptoms.
    • Bipolar I and Bipolar II are specific types of the disorder, distinguishing between specific symptom combinations. Bipolar disorder is a condition characterized by dramatic mood swings.
    • Mania involves elevated mood, energy, and irritability, while hypomania is less severe. The module includes differences in the degree or intensity and possible symptoms.

    Schizophrenia

    • A complex disorder involving hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, movement disorders, and social/emotional deficits in communication. Schizophrenia is a challenging and varied presentation.
    • Identifying different combinations of symptoms is crucial to diagnosis.

    Schizophrenia (Continued)

    • Hallucinations (auditory most frequent) and delusions (strongly held beliefs despite evidence to the contrary) are symptoms, with their particular expressions being noted. The module highlights the key symptoms in the condition.

    Schizophrenia (Continued)

    • Schizophrenia is a condition marked by distinctive characteristics, symptoms associated with psychosis noted within the module.
    • These features and accompanying symptoms are key details during a review of the issue.

    Dementia

    • Dementia is a cognitive decline severe enough to interfere with daily function, and not related to schizophrenia. The module highlights that dementia is separate from psychotic conditions.

    Schizophrenia Prevalence

    • Schizophrenia is most frequently diagnosed in young adults, with slightly different average ages for men and women.
    • The condition is often more severe in men. This is an important aspect of the disorder.

    Dissociative Disorders

    • Dissociative identity disorder (DID) involves splitting personalities, with one personality typically taking over at any given time.
    • A possible cause could be the attempt to dissociate from traumatic experiences, or related phenomena, with the creation of alternative personalities. This reflects important factors associated with DID.

    Dissociative Identity Disorder (Continued)

    • Personalities within DID can exhibit differences in abilities, tastes, and physical characteristics.
    • A now controversial method of treatment—reintegration therapy—previously aimed to merge the different personalities, with modern treatment now focusing on functioning and coping skills to enhance adjustment. The module highlights changes in approaches to treatment.

    Module 15.5 - Treatment of Mental Illness

    • Differentiating psychotherapy approaches is important for effective intervention for mental health disorders. Evaluating psychotherapy effectiveness, and low-cost therapeutic interventions, as well as prevention strategies, underscores the importance of effective support.

    Types of Psychotherapy

    • Psychodynamic therapies emphasize the unconscious mind and conflicts as causes of mental illness.
    • Psychoanalysis focuses on bringing unconscious material into awareness. This approach is focused on understanding the underlying issues, thus identifying potential approaches to modify thoughts and behaviors.

    Psychodynamic Treatments - Techniques

    • Free association involves encouraging patients to communicate whatever comes to mind.
    • Transference is used when a patient redirects feelings, behaviors, and patterns learned from past relationships onto the therapist, allowing for therapeutic interventions.
    • Working through refers to a treatment approach that requires examining the identified issues and working towards solutions over time. The approach aims to help patients gain awareness and understanding of their experiences to help change them.

    Behavioral/CBT Treatments

    • Behavior therapy uses environmental manipulation to modify behaviors and achieve specific objectives. Behavior therapy is designed to modify behaviors.
    • Cognitive therapy is an approach to improve people's lives and functioning by changing thought processes.
    • Cognitive-behavior therapy is an integrated approach that combines behavior and cognitive therapy. A more integrated approach to modifying behaviors and thought patterns.

    CBT Therapists

    • Black-and-white thinking, globalization, and should/must statements are examples of negative thought patterns, and the module notes the importance of addressing and changing these patterns.

    Mindfulness Therapies

    • Mindfulness therapies encourage observing emotions without judgment.
    • Recognizing and embracing emotions as part of life is a key aspect of the approach, reflecting an aspect of acceptance and recognition of emotional responses, which can be of great benefit for individuals in therapy.

    How Effective is Psychotherapy?/Comparing Theories

    • Therapy is generally more effective than if individuals are not in treatment.
    • Different therapies often have similar outcomes.
    • Effective treatment relies on factors including a therapeutic alliance, warmth, and client openness, which are critical for successful management.

    Social Issues Related to Mental Illness - The Insanity Defense

    • Defendants may use the insanity defense to argue they are not criminally responsible due to mental illness.
    • The standard is legal and not necessarily aligned with psychological concepts.
    • The M’Naghten rule is a legal test to determine if someone should be deemed insane.
    • This defense is rarely invoked.

    Deinstitutionalization (1955)

    • Antipsychotic medications led to a move to manage mental health issues outside of large institutions.
    • Patient populations significantly decreased from the mid-1900s onward. Deinstitutionalization is a significant historical change impacting mental health services.

    Deinstitutionalization (Continued)

    • Deinstitutionalization had some negative effects, including high rates of homelessness and rehospitalization that increased for many patients. There were notable negative consequences of the movement and policy change.
    • There is a correlation between serious mental illness and imprisonment rates.

    The Future of Psychotherapy and Prospects for Prevention

    • Community psychologists address mental health in the context of social environments.
    • Prevention methods aim to address issues early on or before disease expression and provide support. There is a recognized need for preventive care and proactive approaches to mental health.
    • Evidence-based prevention programs can enhance mental health in different populations (pregnant women, children, community members). The module reinforces the need for effective preventative care approaches.

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    Chapter 15 Abnormal Psychology Lecture Slides PDF
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    Description

    Explore key concepts from psychology focusing on cognitive-behavior therapy, mindfulness, legal standards for insanity, and the characteristics of psychological disorders. This quiz challenges your understanding of treatment effectiveness and the nuances of abnormal behavior. Test your knowledge on case evaluations and emotional states associated with mental health conditions.

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