Psychology Chapter on Motivation Theories

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Questions and Answers

According to Hull's drive theory, what is the primary function of drive?

To create specific habits

To reduce bodily needs directly.

To guide behavior towards specific goals.

To energize behavior, regardless of direction. (correct)

Which concept did Woodworth introduce in the context of motivation?

Secondary drives

The concept of drive as an inner condition (correct)

Stimulus-response psychology

The law of effect

Which of the following best describes the shift away from grand theories of motivation?

The emergence of mini-theories addressing specific motivational phenomena. (correct)

The integration of instinct and learning in motivational models.

A focus on biological needs as the sole drivers of behavior.

An increase in research on universal motivational principles.

What was a key focus of behaviorism regarding the nature of behavior?

The modifiability of behavior as a result of consequences. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a fundamental assumption of Hull's drive theory regarding learning?

Learning is based on the reduction of internal drive states. Signup and view all the answers

According to the material provided, what is the primary focus of affective psychology?

The study of factors that initiate and direct behavior, encompassing emotions, feelings, and moods. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a key aspect of motivation?

Suppression of emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the core components of motivation as outlined in the text?

Direction and energy. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'movere' relate to in the context of this material?

The concept of motivation and emotion as drivers of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference between internal and external sources of motivation?

Internal sources are needs based, while external sources are incentive based. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a way motivation is expressed?

Preference. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for studying motivation, as highlighted in the material?

To gain self-knowledge and insight into one's own character. Signup and view all the answers

According to the material, what is a crucial characteristic of scientific study of motivation?

Objective, data-based empirical evidence. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of motivation, what are 'cognitions' primarily related to?

Mental events such as beliefs and expectations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered biological needs?

Food, thirst. Signup and view all the answers

The material suggests both 'cause' and 'purpose' are used to explain behavior. What does 'cause' refer to in this context?

The antecedents, or prior factors, that lead to the behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between 'motivation' and 'affective psychology'?

Affective psychology studies the motivational factors that drive behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of emotions according to the text?

To orchestrate adaptive reactions to significant events. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of 'direction' in motivation?

The aim or purpose to which behavior is oriented. Signup and view all the answers

According to the material, why might behavior change or stop?

As a result of shifts in motivation, goals, or internal state. Signup and view all the answers

What does the text indicate about the nature of motivation?

It explains why the same individual may behave differently at various times. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of motivation, according to the provided material?

A dynamic process that is always changing. Signup and view all the answers

According to the principles of motivation outlined, what role does 'adaptation' play?

It is a benefit of the motivational system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a 'grand theory' in the history of the psychology of motivation?

Association Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the British Empiricist view of motivation?

Behavior is based on association and hedonism. Signup and view all the answers

According to Darwin's theory, what is the primary factor motivating behavior?

Survival and instincts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of Ernst Brücke's mechanistic biology?

Biological processes are based on chemical and physical phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's drive theory, what does 'impetus' refer to?

The force or intensity of the drive. Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable contribution by Wundt to motivation within psychology?

The provided text says Wundt did NOT discuss motivation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Affective Psychology Introduction

Required readings for the day include Reeve, Chapters 1 & 2 and Smith et al., pp. 358-366.

General Information

Attendance is mandatory.
English is a second language for some students.
Students should begin studying from day one.
Some required readings and topics are available through Neptun Meet Street.
Not all required topics will be covered in class.
Students are expected to follow the course requirements.
A combined written and oral exam is required.

Definition

Students should write a one-sentence personal definition of motivation and emotion in their notebooks.

Why "Affective" Psychology?

Affects involve a wide range of emotions, feelings, and moods.
Affects mobilize resources to cope with challenges, avoid punishment, and achieve rewards.
Affective psychology studies factors that initiate behavior.
Motivation and emotion are key areas of study.

Why did you come to class today?

Provide a motivational answer explaining initiation, persistence, and goal-directedness.

Why Study Motivation?

It is interesting to understand why people do what they do.
Motivation is essential for understanding behavior.
Studying motivation can provide self-knowledge and insight into character.
Scientific study involves objective data, well-controlled studies, and peer-reviewed research.
Studying motivation is useful for theoretical understanding and practical know-how.

Fundamental Questions

What causes behavior?
Why does behavior vary in intensity?

Why do you brush your teeth?

One explanation centers on the cause (antecedents) of the behavior.
Another explanation focuses on the goal (purpose) of achieving healthy teeth.

Why-s Regarding Behavior

Initiation: Why does behavior start?
Persistence: Why is behavior sustained over time?
Goal-directedness: Why is behavior directed towards goals?
Change: Why does behavior change?
Termination: Why does behavior stop?

Why does behavior vary in its intensity?

Intensity varies within the individual and between individuals
Why is desire sometimes strong and resilient at one time, and weak and fragile at another?
Why does the same person choose to do different things at different times?

Need for a Theory to Explain...

What factors make behavior strong and purposeful?
Energy: Behavior has significant strength, intensity, and persistence.
Direction: Behavior has purpose and is aimed at achieving goals.

What is Motivation?

Motivation is a force that initiates, directs, and maintains behavior.
Intrinsic motivation comes from within the organism.
Extrinsic motivation comes from outside the organism.
Examples of intrinsic motivation: need, wish, desire, interest, habit, will
Examples of extrinsic motivation: expectations, force, attraction, being asked, etc.

Sources of Motivation

Motivation comes from internal motives (needs, cognitions, emotions) and external events (incentives).
Needs are necessary for maintaining life, growth, and well-being (biological and psychological).
Cognitions include mental events such as beliefs, expectations, plans, goals, and self-concept.
Emotions are short-lived, subjective-physiological factors that express our reactions to important events in our lives.

How is Motivation Expressed?

Motivation is expressed through behavioral manifestations, antecedents, physiology, and self-report.
Behavioral manifestations include attention, effort, latency, persistence, and choice.
Antecendents are things that come before a behavior, such as food deprivation
Physiology and brain activation are also aspects of motivation.
Self-report provides information about internal states.

Principles Unifying the Discipline of Motivation

Motivation is a dynamic process that changes over time.
This dynamic process involves rising and falling motivation over time.
Motivation benefits adaptation, directs attention, is variable, has various qualities, involves approach and avoidance.
It is inseparable from social context and needs a theory.
Students should consider what theories they have studied in their psychology major.

History of the Psychology of Motivation: Grand Theories

Will, instinct theory, and drive are grand theories.
Freud and Hull developed functional biology theory.
Functional biology theory states that the function of behavior is to serve bodily needs.
Lack of food, water, sleep creates drives.
Drives motivate behavior to satisfy bodily needs.

History of the Psychology of Motivation: Philosophical Roots

Early schools of thought include free will (Descartes), behavior organizations by rationality and understanding, and responsibility.
Descartes' thought considered animals and humans differently.
British Empiricists focused on association and hedonism.

History of the Psychology of Motivation: Biology

Darwin believed that animals and humans share the same motivation factors, primarily survival, and instinct.
Restricted environmental sources can influence survival instinct.
Ernst Brücke explored mechanistic biology.
Biological processes are based on chemical and physical phenomena.

History of the Psychology of Motivation: Psychiatry

Freud's drive theory included source, impetus, object, and aim.
The theory addressed unconscious, repressed motives that drive behavior.

History of the Psychology of Motivation: Psychology (4/4)

Wundt did not focus on motivation as a primary point of interest.
Instinct theories were proposed by McDougall and W. James, focused on functionalism.
Behaviorism emphasizes the learned nature of behavior.

Behaviorism

Thorndike explored the role of effect (consequence) in behavior and the law of readiness.
Pavlov discovered the law of readiness where behavior is regulated by external stimuli.
Watson's stimulus-response (S-R) psychology was a primary component of behaviorism.

Drive

Woodworth introduced the idea of drive as a necessary internal condition to explain behavior.
Hull proposed a biological need versus drive framework.
Primary drive is a pooled energy source that includes all bodily deficits and disturbances.
Learned (secondary) drives are related to drive reduction theory.

Hull's Drive Theory

Hull's drive theory had three fundamental assumptions:

Drives emerge from bodily needs.
Drives energize behavior.
Drive reduction reinforces learning.

History of the Psychology of Motivation: Mini Theories

Mini theories address specific motivational phenomena, not the full range of motivation.
Examples include achievement motivation, cognitive dissonance, flow, goal-setting, learned helplessness, and self-efficacy theories.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in motivation theories, including Hull's drive theory and Woodworth's contributions. This quiz covers essential aspects of motivation, behaviorism, and affective psychology. Dive into the intricacies of internal and external sources of motivation and their implications.