Affective Psychology Introduction PDF

Affective psychology Introduction to Affective Psychology Dept. of Affective Psychology Required readings for today: Reeve, Chapters 1 & 2 Smith et al., pp. 358–366  General information Attendance English as a foreign (second) language...

Affective psychology Introduction to Affective Psychology Dept. of Affective Psychology Required readings for today: Reeve, Chapters 1 & 2 Smith et al., pp. 358–366  General information Attendance English as a foreign (second) language Study from Day 1! Topic list and requirements, and some required readings: Neptun Meet Street NOT all the required topics will be discussed here! Please follow the course requirements Combined (Written + oral) exam  Definition Construct a personal, one-sentence definition (in your notebook): – What is motivation? – What is emotion?  Why ”affective” psychology? Affects – involve the whole panorama of emotions, feelings, moods and suchlike reaction – Mobilize the individual resources to cope with unexpected challenges, avoid punishment, achieve food and other rewards, etc. – → affective psychology deals with factors that set behavior in MOTION Movere Motivation Emotion  Why did you come to class today? Provide a motivational answer to explain: –Initiation –Persistence –Goal-directedness  Why study motivation? Interesting: why people do what they do Essential – motives are the “springs” of our behavior – –> self-knowledge and insight into character Scientific study – objective, data based empirical evidence – well controlled studies – peer-reviewed research findings Useful – Theoretical understanding – Practical know-how  Fundamental questions: What causes behavior? Why does behavior vary in its intensity?  Why do you brush your teeth? This is what you saw… This is what you want to achieve… Explanation focusing on Explanation focusing on cause (antecendents) goal (purpose)  Why?-s regarding behavior Initiation: Why does behavior start? Persistence: Why is it sustained over time? Goal-directedness: Why is it directed toward some goals? Change: Why does it change? Termination: Why does it stop?  Why does behavior vary in its intensity? “Why is desire strong and resilient at one time yet weak and fragile at another time?” and “Why does the same person choose to do different things at different times?” Within the individual Between individuals  Need for a theory to explain What gives behavior its Energy: behavior has strength— it is relatively strong, intense, and persistent Direction: behavior has purpose—it is aimed or guided toward achieving some particular goal or outcome  What is motivation? Force acting within the organism or acting on the organism from outside that activates, directs and maintains behavior For example: For example: need expectations wish force desire attraction interest being asked habit order will etc. INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC  Sources of motivation Motivation Internal Motives External Events (Incentives) Needs Cognitions Emotions Needs: necessary for maintenance of life, growth and well-being biological (e.g. food) vs. psychological (e.g. competence, belongingness) Cognitions: mental events (beliefs, expectations, plans, goals, self- concept).  Sources of motivation Emotions: short-lived subjective–physiological–functional– expressive phenomena that orchestrate how we react adaptively to the important events in our lives : Feelings—subjective, verbal descriptions of emotional experience. Physiological preparedness—how our body physically mobilizes itself to meet situational demands. Function—what specifically we want to accomplish at that moment. Expression—how we communicate our emotional experience publicly to others.  How is motivation expressed? Behavioral manifestation: – attention – effort – latency – persistance – choice – probability of response – facial or bodily expressions Antecendents (e.g. food deprivation) Physiology, brain activation Self-report Principles unifying the discipline of motivation It benefits adaptation It directs attention „Motivation is a dynamic process—always changing, It is variable always rising and falling— rather than a discrete event It has various qualities or static condition” (Reeve) It includes approach and avoidance Its content reveals human nature It is inseparable from social context It needs a theory What theories have you studied so far as a psychology major?  History of the psychology motivation: Grand theories Will Instinct Drive Functional biology: the function of behavior is to service bodily needs. Freud, Hull As biological imbalances occur (e.g., lack of food, water, sleep), the individual psychologically experience these bodily deficits as “drive.” Drive motivates whatever behavior is instrumental to servicing the body’s needs  History of the psychology motivation 1/4: philosophical roots Early schools: – free will (eg. Descartes) – behavior is organized by rationality and understanding – responsibility – our knowledge helps to decide what to do Descartes: animal vs. human British Empiricist: – association (tabula rasa) – hedonism History of the psychology motivation 2/4: biology Darwin – animal = human – most important motivating factor: survival. INSTINCTS – restricted environmental sources, "survival of the fittest" Ernst Brücke – Mechanistic biology – biological processes are based on chemical and physical phenomena – origin of freudism and behaviorism  History of the psychology motivation 3/4: psychiatry New concept of „illness” Freud’s drive theory Source Impetus Object Aim Unconsciouss, repressed motives  History of the psychology motivation 4/4: psychology Wundt: not discussed motivation BUT Instinct theories: – W. James: functionalism – McDougall The concept of drive Behaviorism – instead of instinct: the LEARNED nature of behavior is expressed  Behaviorism Thorndike – behavior is modifiable – role of „effect” (=consequence) – law of „readiness” Pavlov: behavior is regulated by the stimuli (as well) Watson: stimulus-response (“S-R psychology”)  Drive Woodworth introduced the concept – WHAT behavior will be performed? – inner condition: drive Hull – Biological need vs. drive – Primary drive: a pooled energy source composed of all current bodily deficits/disturbances. – Learned (secondary) drives – „drive reduction” theory of learning and motivation: “Drive is an energizer, not a guide”, habits guide behavior, they come from learning through the reinforcing effect of drive reduction  Hull’s drive theory Drive theory had three fundamental assumptions: (1) drive emerged from bodily needs, (2) drive energized behavior, and (3) drive reduction was reinforcing and produced learning.  History of the psychology motivation: The cause: Mini theories – growth motivation – cognitive revolution – applied problems Unlike grand theories to explain the full range of motivation, mini-theories limit their attention to specific motivational phenomenon. A mini-theory explains some but not all of motivated behavior. Mini theories to answer specific questions, e.g. – achievement motivational theory – cognitive dissonanace theory – flow theory – goal setting theory – learned helplessness theory – self-efficacy theory – etc. Thank you for your attention.