Psychology Chapter on Memory Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the first stage in the learning and memory process?

  • Storage
  • Retrieval
  • Encoding (correct)
  • Recalling
  • Retrieval is the stage of memory that involves the initial learning of information.

    False

    Name one factor that influences memory encoding.

    Emotional arousal

    The process of maintaining information over time is known as __________.

    <p>Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory stages with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Encoding = Initial learning of information Storage = Maintaining information over time Retrieval = Accessing information when needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of testing memory involves choosing the correct item among options?

    <p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Implicit memory refers to the ability to consciously recall information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of testing memory that compares the speed of original learning to the speed of relearning?

    <p>Savings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recognition is a method of testing memory that involves asking someone to choose the correct item among _____ options.

    <p>multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of memory testing with their definitions:

    <p>Recognition = Method involving choosing the correct item from options Savings = Comparing original learning with relearning speed Free Recall = Recalling items without cues Cued Recall = Recalling items with some hints or cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

    <p>Brushing your teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People usually recognize more items than they can recall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one experience that can influence implicit memory.

    <p>Singing a familiar song</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical capacity of short-term memory for most healthy, educated adults?

    <p>7-9 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chunking improves the ability to remember information.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is working memory?

    <p>A system for dealing with current information and shifting attention among tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of grouping information into larger units is known as __________.

    <p>chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Short-term memory = Capacity to hold a small amount of information for a brief period Chunking = Grouping items into meaningful sequences Working memory = System for managing current information Executive functioning = Cognitive process governing attention shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason that short-term memories fade over time?

    <p>Interference from similar memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term memories automatically last a lifetime.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of how working memory is used in daily life.

    <p>Remembering directions while driving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which item appeared the most frequently in the list?

    <p>Tomato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The word 'LEMON' was likely to be remembered due to its distinctiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon explains the tendency to remember the first and last items on a list?

    <p>Primacy and Recency Effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle related to how the unusual items are easier to remember is known as ________.

    <p>distinctiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Repetition = Helps in encoding by reviewing information multiple times Primacy Effect = Tendency to remember the first items in a list Recency Effect = Tendency to remember the last items in a list Distinctiveness = Easier recall of unusual or different items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fruit is described as distinctive due to its size, color, and font?

    <p>Carrot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repetition can hinder encoding if done too frequently in a short period of time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name an item from the list that is not a fruit or vegetable.

    <p>NAKED</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process through which some memories change over time making them available much later?

    <p>Consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older adults often remember recent events better than events from their youth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a loss of memory?

    <p>Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The act of rebuilding an account of past events based on expectations is known as __________.

    <p>Reconstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a potential effect of focusing on one aspect of a memory?

    <p>It weakens other aspects of the memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory operates exactly like a video recording of events.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of forming a memory?

    <p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is proactive interference?

    <p>The process where old materials increase forgetting of new materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emotionally arousing memories are typically less memorable than neutral events.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memories that are difficult to retrieve but stored are often referred to as __________.

    <p>dissociation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes repression as per Freudian theory?

    <p>The motivated removal of something to the unconscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of interference with its description:

    <p>Proactive Interference = Old memories make it harder to remember new information. Retroactive Interference = New information makes it harder to recall old memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disassociation is a term now preferred over repression by many clinicians.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically stimulates the brain areas important for storing emotionally arousing memories?

    <p>Cortisol and epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Memory

    • Memory is the retention of information
    • This includes skills like driving and tying shoelaces
    • It also includes facts that don't change, like birthdays, and facts that change infrequently, like phone numbers
    • It encompasses important and unimportant experiences, as well as useful facts and trivia
    • Memory is not perfect, and information can be lost

    Methods of Testing Memory

    • Free Recall: Describing what is remembered.
      • Examples include "Tell me what you did today" or naming the planets.
      • Free recall often underestimates the actual amount of information someone knows.
    • Cued Recall: Testing memory using significant hints.
      • Examples include showing a picture of classmates or providing a list of initials.
      • These hints can aid in remembering information
    • Recognition: Choosing the correct item from options. This is typically better recalled than free recall.
    • Savings: Comparing initial learning to relearning speed; this tests how much memory has persisted.
      • This compares how long it takes to initially learn material vs. how long it takes to relearn it
    • Examples: Learning a list of primary school classmates' names, or identifying planets from a list

    Explicit and Implicit Memories

    • Explicit (direct) memory: Memories that can be consciously stated.
      • These are the memories we actively and consciously recall
      • Example includes singing familiar songs or typing on a keyboard
    • Implicit (indirect) memory: Memories that are not actively recalled, but still impact behavior.
      • This type of memory may influence our actions without our awareness.
      • Example includes being able to drive or use utensils

    Procedural and Declarative Memories

    • Procedural memories: Knowledge of how to do something, often gained through practice; an implicit memory.
      • Examples include riding a bike, playing the piano, or eating with chopsticks
    • Declarative memories: Facts and memories of specific events, which can be expressed in words; an explicit memory.
      • Events like birthdays, daily tasks, or significant events

    Capacity of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory

    • Short-term memory has a limited capacity.
    • Long-term memory has a vast capacity.
    • Information can be stored more effectively by 'chunking'.
    • Chunking is grouping similar items together

    Decay of Memories over Time

    • Decay, Interference: Some hypotheses about why short-term memory fades;
      • one hypothesis is that the memory trace weakens over time.
      • another theory is that interference from related memories can overwrite existing ones.
    • Long-term memories can last for a lifetime.

    Working Memory

    • Working memory is a system for current information processing.
      • Includes shifting focus between tasks
      • Used in tasks such as following directions or holding information in mind
    • This function requires executive functioning – the cognitive process that manages attention shifts

    Memory for Traumatic Events

    • Emotional memories tend to stand out in our conscious minds
    • Traumatic events are often highly memorable.
    • Repression: removing traumatic memories from conscious thoughts, possibly a defense mechanism
    • Dissociation: a state where the memories are outside of awareness and still stored.

    Amnesia after Damage to the Hippocampus

    • Amnesia is the loss of memory
    • Anterograde amnesia = inability to form new memories, while retrograde amnesia = loss of memories prior to the damage.
    • Usually, people with amnesia still have procedural and implicit memories.

    Memory Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease

    • Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease impacting brain cells and causing memory problems, mood changes, and other cognitive and emotional difficulties
    • Significant memory impairment is a hallmark symptom.
    • Memory problems are typically one of the first indications of the illness
    • Deterioration of brain cells and accumulation of proteins in the brain are common in this form of dementia

    Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

    • Memory processes occur in stages First, information is encoded(initially learned)
    • and stored,
    • and then later retrieved.
    • Attention, Emotion, and Distinctiveness are factors affecting encoding
      • emotionally charged memories are often remembered better
      • Distinctive items in a list are often more accurately recalled

    Primacy and Recency Effects

    • Items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list are often recalled more easily.

    Mnemonic Devices

    • Mnemonic devices are tools for improving memory
    • Techniques include associating items with locations (method of loci), or using visual imagery (e.g. ROY G. BIV for rainbow colors)

    How to Organize Your Studying

    • Studying regularly is more effective than cramming

    • Combining varied study methods (e.g., note-taking, testing yourself) is often more effective

    • Taking notes during class assists in gaining insight to improve organization

    • Testing yourself helps in recalling information

    Retrieval & Interference

    • Retrieval struggles can be caused by interference.
      • Proactive interference refers to old material interfering with new learning
      • Retroactive interference refers to new material interfering with remembering old material.

    Emotional Memories

    • Intense feelings can strengthen or weaken memories.

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    Related Documents

    Topic 6 - Memory PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the stages of memory processes including encoding, storage, and retrieval. This quiz covers key concepts and methods of testing memory, such as recognition and implicit memory. Challenge yourself with questions that explore both the initial learning and maintenance of information.

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