Memory

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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of anterograde amnesia?

Inability to remember personal experiences from the past

Loss of memories from early childhood

Difficulty in retrieving stored memories

Inability to form new memories (correct)

What process describes how memories become lasting ones stored in the brain?

Enhancement

Consolidation (correct)

Recall

Retention

Which type of amnesia is characterized by the inability to remember events from a young age?

Anterograde amnesia

Infantile amnesia (correct)

Semantic amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Which phenomenon describes the creation of false memories due to misleading information?

Misinformation effect (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is cryptomnesia an example of?

Failure to recognize the source of an idea (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the magic number related to short term memory capacity?

7 (+/- 2) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which process in memory is primarily responsible for maintaining encoded information over time?

Storage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves briefly storing auditory information?

Echoic memory (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is retroactive interference in the context of memory?

Forgetting old information due to new information (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a memory illusion?

A false memory that feels real (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does chunking help improve short term memory?

By creating meaningful groups of information (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the decline in a learned behavior due to lack of practice?

Forgetting (B) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates explicit memory from implicit memory?

Explicit memory requires conscious effort to recall, while implicit memory does not (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes maintenance rehearsal from elaborative rehearsal?

Maintenance rehearsal repeats information in its original form. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which memory type is primarily responsible for recalling personal life events?

Episodic memory (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the priming effect influence memory retrieval?

By activating related concepts that enhance recall. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes explicit memory?

It requires conscious effort to retrieve information. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The primary effect is associated with which aspect of memory?

Recalling items at the beginning of a list. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of memory involves skills such as riding a bike?

Procedural memory (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the levels of processing model suggest about memory retention?

Deeper processing enhances transfer to long-term memory. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of long-term potentiation in memory?

It strengthens the communication between neurons during learning. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory involves knowledge of facts about the world?

Semantic memory (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of memory, what does the term 'engram' refer to?

A physical representation of a memory in the brain. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

Progressive deterioration of cognitive functions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What causes infantile amnesia in individuals?

An underdeveloped hippocampus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is retrograde amnesia primarily associated with?

Loss of memories prior to a certain event (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the misinformation effect?

Creation of fictitious memories based on misleading information (B) Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the unintentional plagiarism of ideas?

Cryptomnesia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first process involved in memory according to the described model?

Encoding (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory memory?

To briefly store perceptual information (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines proactive interference?

Loss of new information due to previous learning experience (B) Signup and view all the answers

How can chunking be described in the context of short-term memory?

An organizational strategy to group information (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options represents a shortcoming of short-term memory?

It is prone to decay and interference (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines a memory illusion?

A false memory that feels real (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the retention interval concerning forgetting?

The duration without practice or reinforcement (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about short-term memory is accurate?

It typically holds 5-9 pieces of information (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rehearsal involves linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way?

Elaborative rehearsal (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the primary effect and memory?

It is the tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is specifically linked to motor skills and habits?

Procedural memory (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'priming' in memory refer to?

Activation of one concept by another to aid recall. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to long-term potentiation (LTP) in memory?

Increased synaptic connection strength between neurons. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes episodic memory from other types of memory?

It involves the recollection of personal life events. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does repeated retrieval enhance memory retention?

It leads to the formation of new neural pathways in the brain. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the levels of processing model?

It is not falsifiable and lacks predictive capability. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor associated with Alzheimer's disease?

Age (D) Signup and view all the answers

What best explains the inability to form new memories after a particular event?

Anterograde amnesia (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes the inability to remember personal experiences from before the age of 2-3 years?

Infantile amnesia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the incorrect recollection of memories due to misleading post-event information?

Misinformation effect (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which memories strengthen over time through use within the brain?

Potentiation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of retrieval in the memory process?

Recovering information from memory stores (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interference affects the retention of old information because of new learning?

Retroactive interference (D) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the brief storage of visual sensory information?

Iconic memory (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does chunking improve short-term memory capacity?

By organizing information into groups (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly characterizes sensory memory?

Has a brief storage duration (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of forgetting primarily involve?

The decline in a learned behavior due to lack of practice (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which memory phenomenon involves remembering old information incorrectly due to interference from new experiences?

Proactive interference (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate range of the 'magic number' related to short-term memory capacity?

5-9 pieces of information (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of rehearsal involves repeating stimuli in its original form?

Maintenance rehearsal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between semantic memory and episodic memory?

Semantic memory involves facts about the world, while episodic memory involves personal life events. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory is primarily involved in linking concepts together in a meaningful way?

Elaborative rehearsal (A) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the activation of one concept by another, aiding recall?

Priming (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the primary effect in memory?

Better recall of the first items in a list. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does long-term potentiation (LTP) explain in the context of memory?

Improvement in synaptic transmission between neurons. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does repeated retrieval benefit memory retention?

It reinforces associations, making recall easier. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes implicit memory?

Memories we do not consciously access. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of the levels of processing model?

It is unfalsifiable, limiting scientific validation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What defines episodic memory in contrast to other memory types?

Specific recollections of personal life events. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory Processes

Memory involves three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Encoding is like entering data; storage is like saving data; and retrieval is like accessing data.
Forgetting is the decline in learned behavior over time without reinforcement.
Retention interval is the period where learning or practice isn't occurring.

Sensory Memory

Sensory memory holds perceptual information briefly before passing it to short-term memory.
Iconic store (visual) lasts about a second; echoic store (auditory) lasts 5-10 seconds.

Short-Term/Working Memory

Short-term memory holds information for a limited time (focus, thinking, working).
Decay (fading) and interference (new info competing with old) can lead to loss of information.
Retroactive interference: new info interferes with remembering old info.
Proactive interference: old info interferes with learning new info.
The "magic number" is 7 +/- 2 (or 5-9): approximately the amount of information short-term memory can hold.
Chunking (grouping information) and rehearsal can improve short-term memory capacity.
Maintenance rehearsal: repeating information in its original form.
Elaborative rehearsal: linking information to existing knowledge.

Levels of Processing

Levels of processing theory proposes deeper processing leads to better memory.
Three levels: structural (visual), phonological (auditory), and semantic (meaning).

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory (LTM) holds information relatively long-term (hours to years).
Very large capacity compared to short-term memory.
Permastore is a type of LTM that appears permanent.

Memory Illusions

Memory illusions are memories that feel real but are false.

Primary and Recency Effects

Primary effect: tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list better.
Recency effect: tendency to remember words at the end of a list better.

Semantic Memory

Semantic memory is knowledge of facts, a type of declarative memory.

Episodic Memory

Episodic memory is memory of personal events; remembering a concert.

Explicit and Implicit Memory

Explicit memory: conscious, intentional recall of memories (facts for a test).
Implicit memory: unconscious, unintentional recall of memories (feeling anxious in a room).

Procedural Memory

Procedural memory: memory for how to do things (riding a bike).
Priming: the activation of one concept by another (seeing "doctor" then "nurse").

Memory Networks

Memory as a semantic network: interconnected concepts and associations.

Engram

Physical trace of a memory in the brain.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Synaptic strengthening that improves memory storage.

Amnesia

Retrograde amnesia: loss of past memories.
Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories.

Consolidation

Process of memories becoming stronger and more permanent.

Alzheimer's Disease

Progressive brain disease causing dementia, language loss, and neurological abnormalities.
Linked to acetylcholine neuron deterioration.

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to remember early childhood experiences (typically before age 2 or 3).

Cryptomnesia

Forgetting the source of an idea and believing it's original.

Misinformation Effect

Creating false memories by providing misleading information.

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