Psychology Chapter: Memory Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary process involved in converting information into a form usable by memory?

  • Rehearsal
  • Retrieval
  • Encoding (correct)
  • Storage

    • How long does Short-Term Memory (STM) typically hold information?

  • 30-60 seconds
  • 1-3 minutes
  • Less than 1 second
  • 15-25 seconds (correct)

    • Which memory type retains information permanently, although retrieval can be challenging?

  • Short-Term Memory
  • Sensory Memory
  • Working Memory
  • Long-Term Memory (correct)

    • What is the function of sensory memory?

    <p>To provide initial storage of sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the memory model proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin, which type of memory comes immediately after sensory memory?

    <p>Short-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical capacity limit of Short-Term Memory (STM)?

    <p>7 ± 2 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to memory retrieval issues?

    <p>Encoding, storage, or retrieval problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chunks function in Short-Term Memory?

    <p>As groups of information stored as a single unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that negatively affects the accuracy of eyewitness accounts?

    <p>Witnesses viewing multiple suspects simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes children's reliability in eyewitness accounts?

    <p>Their testimony requires careful handling to minimize suggestibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about repressed memories?

    <p>They can become accessible only through specific triggers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception does the phrase 'high confidence equals high accuracy' represent?

    <p>High confidence can sometimes lead to decreased accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically increases the risk of false memories?

    <p>Confusion between imagined and real events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the reliability of eyewitness testimony the least?

    <p>The age of the eyewitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of professionals is more likely to inadvertently contribute to children's suggestibility?

    <p>Untrained interviewers asking leading questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a common skepticism about repressed memories?

    <p>Scientific evidence does not support their existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of repetition in advertising?

    <p>To enhance recognition and recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do emotional appeals leverage the amygdala in advertising?

    <p>By associating products with strong positive emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique uses storytelling to enhance memory retention in advertising?

    <p>Narrative Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is priming in the context of advertising?

    <p>Repeated exposure to certain stimuli to influence behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does multi-sensory marketing reinforce product memory?

    <p>By engaging multiple senses simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cognitive link is created through association in advertising?

    <p>Between products and positive concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following serves as an example of narrative memory in advertising?

    <p>An ad that features a touching family reunion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the use of specific colors in advertising have on consumers?

    <p>Sparks emotional responses and aids recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of autobiographical memory?

    <p>It is susceptible to inaccuracies and distortions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes selective recall?

    <p>People tend to remember positive experiences more accurately than negative ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue associated with memory errors in criminal trials?

    <p>Inaccurate eyewitness testimony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might adults misremember their early responses on questionnaires?

    <p>They may have experienced selective recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does narrative construction play in memory?

    <p>It helps individuals reconstruct memories into a life story.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of memory is considered less important than the meaning it provides?

    <p>Accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do later-learned information and similar event fragments affect memory?

    <p>They can contaminate and alter memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about childhood memories is accurate?

    <p>Adults' earliest memories usually come from toddler years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

    <p>It helps stabilize memories after initial acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does long-term potentiation (LTP) affect neural pathways?

    <p>It enhances the excitability of neural pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the amygdala in the context of memories?

    <p>It processes memories related to emotional significance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do HDAC inhibitors combined with training aim to achieve?

    <p>To disrupt the encoding of traumatic memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do distributed memory traces function in the brain?

    <p>They are spread across different brain areas that processed sensory input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) designed to do?

    <p>It enhances memory in experimental settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do advertisers rely on techniques based on memory research?

    <p>To enhance product recall and consumer engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of brain implants in memory research?

    <p>Improving memory performance in certain individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes forgetting according to the provided information?

    <p>Interference from new memories and lack of retrieval cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In proactive interference, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Earlier learned information disrupts recall of newer information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of retrieval cues in memory recall?

    <p>They help trigger access to stored memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best exemplifies retroactive interference?

    <p>Difficulty recalling a language learned previously after learning a new language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might improve memory retention, according to the information provided?

    <p>Utilizing harder-to-read fonts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes cue-dependent forgetting?

    <p>Insufficient retrieval cues lead to forgetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does forgetting caused by interference relate to the actual information stored?

    <p>It can still be recalled with proper retrieval cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios demonstrates proactive interference?

    <p>Learning German makes it hard to remember French</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Defined

    • Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

    Memory Processes

    • Encoding: Recording information in a usable form for memory.
    • Storage: Maintaining encoded material in memory.
    • Retrieval: Locating and bringing stored information to awareness.

    Example: Trivial Pursuit

    • Encoding: Properly recording information (e.g., Mumbai's location).
    • Storage: Retaining encoded info.
    • Retrieval: Recalling info when needed (e.g., location of Mumbai)

    Analogy to Computer

    • Encoding: Input through keyboard.
    • Storage: Information saved on the hard drive.
    • Retrieval: Accessing information via software.

    Three-System Model of Memory

    • Sensory Memory: Initial, brief storage of sensory input (iconic, echoic).
    • Short-Term Memory (STM): Holds information temporarily (15-25 seconds), and organized by meaning.
    • Long-Term Memory (LTM): Stores info permanently, potentially difficult to retrieve.

    Movement Through Memory Systems

    • Information moves from sensory memory to STM, then to LTM if rehearsed.

    Sensory Memory

    • Iconic Memory (visual): Lasts approximately 1 second.
    • Echoic Memory (auditory): Lasts up to 4 seconds.
    • Purpose: Allows time to process and decide if information is worth storing.

    Short-Term Memory (STM)

    • Capacity: Approximately 7 +/-2 chunks of information.
    • Duration: Short-lived (20 seconds) without rehearsal.
    • Purpose: Temporary storage before information is processed or discarded.

    Rehearsal

    • Simple Rehearsal: Repeating information without elaborating.
    • Elaborative Rehearsal: Organizing and considering information in a meaningful way to enhance LTM transfer.

    Long-Term Memory (LTM)

    • Declarative Memory (Explicit): Facts and events, further divided into...
      • Semantic Memory: General knowledge and facts (e.g., rules of logic, ZIP codes).
      • Episodic Memory Events tied to specific times, places, contexts (e.g., first day of college).
    • Procedural Memory (Implicit): Skills and habits (e.g., riding a bike). Cannot be verbally described but can be performed.

    Memory Retrieval Issues

    • Encoding, storage, or retrieval problems can affect memory recall.

    Working Memory (WM)

    • Functions as an active workspace in the brain, temporarily holding, manipulating, and rehearsing information.
    • Components:
      • Central Executive Processor: Reasoning, decision making, planning.
      • Visual Store: Stores visual and spatial information.
      • Verbal Store: Stores language-based information.
      • Episodic Buffer: Stores information about events.

    Working Memory Capacity Limitations

    • Can only hold 3-4 chunks of information at a time.

    Working Memory & Awareness

    • High cognitive effort during working memory tasks can decrease awareness of surroundings.
    • Example: Using a phone while driving.

    Working Memory & Stress

    • Stress can diminish WM capacity and effectiveness.

    Long-Term Memory (LTM)

    • Stores information persistently, with almost unlimited capacity.
    • Evidence for LTM: Includes brain damage cases exhibiting retention in past memories while losing ability to form new memories.
    • List Recall:
      • Primacy Effect: Items at the beginning of a list are better remembered.
      • Recency Effect: Items at the end of a list are better remembered.

    Mnemonics (Memory Strategies)

    • Techniques for improving memory retention.
    • Examples: associating musical notes with words, rhymes.

    Flashbulb Memories

    • Vivid recollections of important or surprising events.
    • Characteristics: strong emotional connection, vivid imagery, detailed recollections, BUT inaccuracies can occur over time.

    Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)

    • Temporary inability to recall a piece of information.

    Levels of Processing Theory

    • Deeper processing leads to stronger memory.
    • Shallow: Physical characteristics (e.g., letters, words).
    • Intermediate: Meaning of items, units, sounds.
    • Deep: Meaning plus associations (e.g., prior knowledge).

    Explicit Memory

    • Conscious recollection of information.
    • Examples: names, dates, facts, events.

    Implicit Memory

    • Unconscious recollection of information influencing behavior.
    • Examples: automatically avoiding an obstacle, feelings towards someone even without conscious recollection of why.

    Priming

    • Exposure to a stimulus (a prime) enhances recall of related information.

    Memory Failures

    • Forgetting due to Interference:
      • Proactive: Previously learned info disrupts learning newer info.
      • Retroactive: More recently learned info disrupts recall of earlier info.
    • Forgetting due to Encoding Failure: Insufficient attention during information processing.
    • Forgetting due to Decay: Loss of information with time.

    Memory Dysfunctions

    • Alzheimer's Disease: Progressive and irreversible brain disorder causing cognitive decline.
    • Amnesia: Memory loss without other cognitive impairments.
    • Retrograde Amnesia: Memory loss for events before the traumatic incident.
    • Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories after the incident.

    Constructive Processes in Memory

    • Memory relies on schemas (personal experiences, biases) to reconstruct past events and interpretations. Memories are not exact copies of events, but reconstructions.

    Children's Memory Reliability

    • More susceptible to external influences compared to adults. Carefully handling children's testimony is vital to minimize suggestibility.

    Memory and Culture

    • Similar memory processes exist across cultures, differences exist in memory practices.

    Repressed & False Memories

    • Controversy around the existence of repressed memories. Difficult to distinguish repressed traumatic memories from recalled false memories that are not real. Some suggest memories can be constructed or distorted.

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    Psychology Chapter 6: Memory Foundations PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate processes of memory including encoding, storage, and retrieval in this quiz. Understand the three-system model of memory: sensory, short-term, and long-term. Test your knowledge on how these processes can be analogized to computer functions.

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