Psychology Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

If David practices for several hours a day, the brain areas associated with learning these motor plans are as active during learning as they are several hours later.

True

One of the functions of the central executive is to judge which pieces of information are irrelevant or not worth retaining.

True

Rank the following study strategies from best to worst for final exam preparation:

José reads the chapter, closes the book, and tries to recall all of the concepts described. = Best Nitish creates concept maps of the information. = Better Maria rereads the chapter several times. = Worst

Identify each scenario as either free recall or cued recall:

Recite a poem from memory on the spur of the moment. = Free recall A midterm includes the following question: 'Write down twenty of the vocabulary terms from the last quarter, along with their definitions.' = Free recall 'We finish each other's...' '...sandwiches!' = Cued recall Name ten people from grade school after looking at a yearbook. = Cued recall Answer multiple-choice questions. = Cued recall Name ten people from grade school without looking at a yearbook. = Free recall Signup and view all the answers

Despite advances in our understanding of memory reconsolidation, it is possible to selectively delete memories or associations.

False Signup and view all the answers

How do episodic memories with a strong emotional component differ from less emotional ones?

Emotional memories are less likely to be forgotten. Signup and view all the answers

When looking back on life, people recall more memories from some periods than others, which are generally more vivid and personally meaningful.

True Signup and view all the answers

Are each of the following methods effective or ineffective for improving memory?

Cram the night before a test. = Ineffective Study at regular intervals over the long term. = Effective Look for connections to your own life. = Effective Eliminate sources of distraction. = Effective Practice memorizing definitions verbatim. = Ineffective Stay up late. = Ineffective Signup and view all the answers

Taking into account the encoding specificity principle, match each activity with the setting in which they are likely easiest to remember how to do.

a lecture hall = Take an exam the woods = Build a campfire underwater = Regulate a scuba respirator a basketball court = Make free throws Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their corresponding processes.

Memory = The nervous system's ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve information Retrieval = Remembering stored information Encoding = Processing information for storage Storage = Retention of information Signup and view all the answers

H.M. had portions of his ____ removed to treat epilepsy.

medial temporal lobes Signup and view all the answers

His working and long-term memory were ___.

intact Signup and view all the answers

His ability to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory was ___.

lost Signup and view all the answers

This demonstrated that working memory and long-term memory are ___.

distinct Signup and view all the answers

Match each of the terms to its definition.

Tip-of-the-tongue = Temporary block of information the person knows Weapon focus = Directing excessive attention to a single stimulus and neglecting peripheral stimuli Encoding failure = Loss of information in sensory or working memory prior to storage Motivated forgetting = Avoiding thinking about an event, resulting in less-robust memory of that event Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features do flashbulb memories possess? (Select all that apply)

People have confidence in their accuracy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of recognition memory? (Select all that apply)

Seeing an actor's face in a film and thinking, 'Oh, I've seen her before.' Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about an ambiguous image presented to Bakary are correct? (Select all that apply)

He will probably connect the lines C and D to the circles. Signup and view all the answers

Each time the eye is exposed to a particular stimulus, it produces an identical pattern of activity in the brain.

False Signup and view all the answers

Are each of the following examples of retroactive or proactive interference?

Carolyn recently changed her computer password and could not recall her old password = Retroactive interference Kavita keeps confusing a new employee's name with that of another, recently fired employee = Proactive interference Erin took four years of French in high school. On her first college exam in Italian, she could only recall the French words. = Proactive interference Tanya has trouble remembering events from the first season of her favorite show right after binging the latest season = Retroactive interference Signup and view all the answers

What term describes Onahoua's condition where she finds it hard to come up with words or to say how images relate to one another?

semantic dementia Signup and view all the answers

Memory consolidation involves a strengthening of synaptic connections, in a process called _____.

long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

When learning occurs, the amount of __ increases, which in turn increases the by the _, which triggers an action potential when it is sufficiently __.

CREB Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the results in the figure, originally reported by Anderson and Green (2001)? (Select all that apply)

The effects of rehearsal appear stronger than the effects of suppression. Signup and view all the answers

The study of human memory was substantially advanced by studying sea slugs.

True Signup and view all the answers

Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing memory model, place in order how deeply the following information about dogs will be encoded, from the shallowest to the deepest.

A person glances at a magazine and sees a picture of a dog, A person can remember all the breeds of dogs because she knows a song that lists them, A person dog-sits and spends the weekend walking and playing with a dog, A person grew up with dogs and owns them to this day. Signup and view all the answers

Match each of the terms with a corresponding scenario.

Source amnesia = Damien thinks that Finland has gone to war with Russia but can't remember where he heard it from Error in reality monitoring = Aïcha believes an argument she had in a dream happened in real life Error in source monitoring = Elna believes she's written a very good poem but hasn't realized that several lines come from a piece of popular music Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics of long-term memory? (Select all that apply)

It has almost limitless capacity. Signup and view all the answers

Rank the presence of four men at a bank during a birth event from least to most likely to remember the events afterward.

Danh, Ibrahim, Jayvon, Shane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of encoding specificity impacting memory? (Select all that apply)

Mood-dependent retrieval. Signup and view all the answers

While at a bonfire, someone quickly spells out the word LOVE with a sparkler. Which of the following statements about this phenomenon are true? (Select all that apply)

The word is passing through iconic memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of infantile amnesia? (Select all that apply)

Chantou owned a toy giraffe when she was 2 but has no memory of it as an adult. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of semantic memory? (Select all that apply)

Repeating driving directions to a new restaurant over the phone. Signup and view all the answers

Match each of the terms to its definition.

Phonological loop = Process for storing and rehearsing language Visuo-spatial sketchpad = Process for manipulating shapes and images Working memory = A set of operations for manipulating information Central executive = Top-down cognitive functions Chunking = Grouping separate stimuli into wholes or categories Short-term memory = Storage for very recently acquired information Signup and view all the answers

Which experience is likely to be encoded at the shallowest level of processing?

seeing a sign written using an alphabet you aren't familiar with Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions.

Classical conditioning = Association of stimuli Semantic memory = Facts Episodic memory = Experiences Procedural memory = Coordinated movement patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following appear to be required for a fearful association to be chemically disrupted? (Select all that apply)

The stimulus that had previously been associated with a bad outcome must be experienced. Signup and view all the answers

Memory distortions mainly occur when the stakes associated with recalling correctly are low.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of memory consolidation? (Select all that apply)

Patients receiving ECT do not experience memory loss if stimulation is limited. Signup and view all the answers

Select all of the following statements that are true.

Without rehearsal of new information, we quickly forget much more than we remember. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are required for memory to function without impairment? (Select all that apply)

Consolidation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics of working memory? (Select all that apply)

Its capacity is very limited. Signup and view all the answers

How do episodic memories with a strong emotional component differ from less emotional ones?

Emotional memories are less likely to be forgotten. Signup and view all the answers

Are each of the following effective or ineffective methods for improving memory?

Go to bed at a reasonable hour. Signup and view all the answers

What do research studies indicate about cells in the medial temporal lobe?

These person-selective cells are also active when presented with stimuli associated with those individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period of occipital activity following the presentation of a visual stimulus?

neural persistence Signup and view all the answers

Why do we seldom notice continuity errors in filmmaking?

The capacity of sensory memory is large but very short-lived, whereas the capacity of short-term memory is much smaller. Signup and view all the answers

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing model, place the encoding types in order from shallowest to deepest.

visual, auditory, semantic, self-referential Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis has been proposed regarding memories prior to age 3?

When families have intense emotional experiences, they tend to retell the story of those events. Signup and view all the answers

What can we assume about Caleb's memory of a flight that never happened?

The memory is based on the gist of what a flight would be like. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scenarios to the corresponding variety of amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia = After Shohreh slipped on ice and hit her head, she did not remember what she did for the rest of the day Retrograde amnesia = Sean barely escaped from a burning building. The next day he could not remember how he'd ended up in the building. Signup and view all the answers

Place the following events describing acquisition and recall of a memory in chronological order: ______.

sensation, encoding, storage, retrieval Signup and view all the answers

Multiple-choice tests are necessarily easier than free-response tests, because recognition is always easier than recall.

False Signup and view all the answers

Humans are the only species to show unambiguous evidence of having episodic memories.

False Signup and view all the answers

Identify the following ways in which false memories could be constructed. (Select all that apply)

A person may hear a story from a friend, then later recall having had the experience themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What explains Nicholas's memory flooding back after visiting his sister's house?

encoding specificity Signup and view all the answers

If an individual has a severely impaired short-term memory, they will be unable to form long-term memories.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are aspects of long-term potentiation? (Select all that apply)

Postsynaptic firing increases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which David practices hand movements for magic tricks?

extensively practicing the same series of hand movements until they are second nature. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory Processes

Memory encompasses the ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.
Encoding refers to processing information for storage, while storage is the retention of that information.
Retrieval is the act of remembering stored information.

H.M. Case Study

Henry Molaison (H.M.) had portions of his medial temporal lobes removed for epilepsy treatment.
Post-surgery, his long-term memory was lost, but his working memory remained intact.
This case revealed the distinction between working memory and long-term memory.

Memory Interference

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a temporary block of known information.
Weapon focus is the directing of excessive attention to a specific stimulus, neglecting others.
Encoding failure occurs when information is lost before storage.
Motivated forgetting involves avoiding thoughts about an event, leading to less robust memories.

Flashbulb Memories

Flashbulb memories are vivid and people feel confident about their accuracy shortly after the event.
Their accuracy tends to decline over time, often influenced by emotional elements.

Recognition Memory Examples

Recognizing familiar faces or music notes exemplifies recognition memory.
Drawing from memory without direct retrieval illustrates a different recall process.

Conceptual Drawing from Memory

Visual recall can lead to alterations, such as changing lines or omitting details after a delay.

Memory and Stimuli

Exposure to stimuli does not yield identical brain activity each time.

Types of Interference

Retroactive interference occurs when new information disrupts the recall of old information.
Proactive interference happens when old information interferes with the recall of newly learned material.

Semantic Dementia

A condition characterized by difficulty in word retrieval and relationships between images, leading to comprehension issues.

Long-Term Potentiation

Memory consolidation strengthens synaptic connections through long-term potentiation, crucial for memory formation.

Memory Study Findings

Rehearsal enhances recall more than suppression techniques.
Memory processes involve a range of factors including attention, effort, and environmental context.

Infantile Amnesia

Early life memories may be experienced differently; significant recounting can construct memories that feel genuine.

Characteristics of Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory boasts seemingly limitless capacity and permanence, resistant to loss with new information.

Memory Types

Semantic memory involves factual information (e.g., rules of a game), while episodic memory relates to personal experiences.

Memory Encoding Order

Information is encoded at differing levels: visual (shallow), auditory, semantic, and self-referential (deepest).

Sources and Errors in Memory

Source amnesia refers to forgetting where or how information was acquired.
Errors in reality and source monitoring can lead to confidently misremembering events.

Self-Referential Information

Memory is better retained when personal relevance is involved or when contextual cues align with recall.

Sleep and Memory

Regular sleep is crucial for memory function and consolidation, while impairments can arise without it.

Neural Persistence

Occurs when the brain remains active after visual stimuli have ceased, allowing for brief afterimages.

Memory Reconstruction

Memories can be affected by the context of retrieval, leading to false memories or misattributed experiences.

Effective vs. Ineffective Memory Strategies

Effective methods include engaging with material actively and incorporating breaks, whereas passive strategies tend to be less effective.

Emotional Impact on Memory

Strongly emotional memories are more reliable and less likely to be forgotten compared to less emotional events.

Types of Recall

Free recall requires retrieving information without prompts, while cued recall is triggered by external cues.

Misconceptions about Recognition

Recognition can sometimes be just as challenging as free recall; this varies by individual context and task.

Memory Reconstruction and Deletion

Current understanding of memory consolidation offers insight into memories but does not allow for selective deletion of memories.

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Description

Test your understanding of memory processes in Psychology Chapter 7 with these flashcards. Match key terms like encoding, storage, and retrieval to their definitions, and learn about the notable case of H.M. to enhance your grasp of memory. Perfect for students looking to review critical concepts related to memory!

Psychology Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

If David practices for several hours a day, the brain areas associated with learning these motor plans are as active during learning as they are several hours later.

One of the functions of the central executive is to judge which pieces of information are irrelevant or not worth retaining.

Rank the following study strategies from best to worst for final exam preparation:

Identify each scenario as either free recall or cued recall:

Despite advances in our understanding of memory reconsolidation, it is possible to selectively delete memories or associations.

How do episodic memories with a strong emotional component differ from less emotional ones?

When looking back on life, people recall more memories from some periods than others, which are generally more vivid and personally meaningful.

Are each of the following methods effective or ineffective for improving memory?

Taking into account the encoding specificity principle, match each activity with the setting in which they are likely easiest to remember how to do.

Match the terms with their corresponding processes.

H.M. had portions of his ____ removed to treat epilepsy.

His working and long-term memory were ___.

His ability to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory was ___.

This demonstrated that working memory and long-term memory are ___.

Match each of the terms to its definition.

Which of the following features do flashbulb memories possess? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following are examples of recognition memory? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following statements about an ambiguous image presented to Bakary are correct? (Select all that apply)

Each time the eye is exposed to a particular stimulus, it produces an identical pattern of activity in the brain.

Are each of the following examples of retroactive or proactive interference?

What term describes Onahoua's condition where she finds it hard to come up with words or to say how images relate to one another?

Memory consolidation involves a strengthening of synaptic connections, in a process called _____.

When learning occurs, the amount of ____ increases, which in turn increases the ____ by the _____, which triggers an action potential when it is sufficiently ____.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the results in the figure, originally reported by Anderson and Green (2001)? (Select all that apply)

The study of human memory was substantially advanced by studying sea slugs.

Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing memory model, place in order how deeply the following information about dogs will be encoded, from the shallowest to the deepest.

Match each of the terms with a corresponding scenario.

Which of the following are characteristics of long-term memory? (Select all that apply)

Rank the presence of four men at a bank during a birth event from least to most likely to remember the events afterward.

Which of the following are examples of encoding specificity impacting memory? (Select all that apply)

While at a bonfire, someone quickly spells out the word LOVE with a sparkler. Which of the following statements about this phenomenon are true? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following are examples of infantile amnesia? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following are examples of semantic memory? (Select all that apply)

Match each of the terms to its definition.

Which experience is likely to be encoded at the shallowest level of processing?

Match the terms with their definitions.

Which of the following appear to be required for a fearful association to be chemically disrupted? (Select all that apply)

Memory distortions mainly occur when the stakes associated with recalling correctly are low.

Which of the following are examples of memory consolidation? (Select all that apply)

Select all of the following statements that are true.

Which of the following are required for memory to function without impairment? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following are characteristics of working memory? (Select all that apply)

How do episodic memories with a strong emotional component differ from less emotional ones?

Are each of the following effective or ineffective methods for improving memory?

What do research studies indicate about cells in the medial temporal lobe?

What is the term for the period of occipital activity following the presentation of a visual stimulus?

Why do we seldom notice continuity errors in filmmaking?

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing model, place the encoding types in order from shallowest to deepest.

What hypothesis has been proposed regarding memories prior to age 3?

What can we assume about Caleb's memory of a flight that never happened?

Match the following scenarios to the corresponding variety of amnesia.

Place the following events describing acquisition and recall of a memory in chronological order: ______.

Multiple-choice tests are necessarily easier than free-response tests, because recognition is always easier than recall.

Humans are the only species to show unambiguous evidence of having episodic memories.

Identify the following ways in which false memories could be constructed. (Select all that apply)

What explains Nicholas's memory flooding back after visiting his sister's house?

If an individual has a severely impaired short-term memory, they will be unable to form long-term memories.

Which of the following are aspects of long-term potentiation? (Select all that apply)

What is the process by which David practices hand movements for magic tricks?

Study Notes

Memory Processes

H.M. Case Study

Memory Interference

Flashbulb Memories

Recognition Memory Examples

Conceptual Drawing from Memory

Memory and Stimuli

Types of Interference

Semantic Dementia

Long-Term Potentiation

Memory Study Findings

Infantile Amnesia

Characteristics of Long-Term Memory

Memory Types

Memory Encoding Order

Sources and Errors in Memory

When learning occurs, the amount of __ increases, which in turn increases the by the _, which triggers an action potential when it is sufficiently __.